Draw and explain integrated duration curve used in system operation. 

1 Answer

Answer :

Diagram of integrated duration curve used in system operation:

image

Explanation: 

Integrated duration curve is obtained from load duration curve. It is drawn in between load on Y-axis in KW/MW and the X-axis represents the units generated (KWH/MWH). 


Importance of integrated duration curve: Following information is obtained from integrated duration curve: It gives the total number of units (KWH/MWH) generated for the given demand in (KW/MW). 


OR 


 The number of units consumed by a load up to a particular time of a day can also be shown on a curve which is called as mass curve. 

Related questions

Description : Explain with diagram load duration curve.

Last Answer : It is drawn from load curve. It is graph of load (MW/KW) arranged in descending order of magnitude with respect to time. 

Description : The load duration curve for unity load factor will be of  (1) Rectangular shape (2) Triangular shape (3) L -shape (4) I -shape

Last Answer : The load duration curve for unity load factor will be of Rectangular shape

Description : In quadrilateral speed-time curve of electric traction system, the accelerations during successive time periods are ______ respectively.  (A) positive, negative and negative (B) positive, zero and negative (C) positive, positive and negative (D) positive, negative and zero

Last Answer : In quadrilateral speed-time curve of electric traction system, the accelerations during successive time periods are positive, negative and negative respectively. 

Last Answer : Overhead system can be designed for operation up to 400 kV.

Description : list the product names which have Integrated circuit.

Last Answer : list of products which have Integrated circuit. Mobile phone Calculator Printers Scanners Radio devices ... etc. These are some products name which have integrated circuit.

Last Answer : Integrated circuit design for particular application is known as Application Specific Integrated Circuit ASIC. ASIC have smaller size, less power consumption and less cost .

Description : Draw diagram of class A push-pull amplifier and explain its operation. 

Last Answer : Class A Push-pull Amplifier: The circuit diagram of class A push-pull amplifier is as shown in the fig.(a). Operation: The resistors R1 and R2 along with Vcc provide the dc biasing so as ... Vcc is applied to the collectors of transistors Q1 and Q2 through the centretapped output transformer. 

Description : What is photodiode? Draw the symbol and explain operation of photodiode. 

Last Answer : A photodiode is a light detector that converts light into an electrical current. A photodiode is a semi-conductor device, with a p-n junction and an intrinsic layer between p and n layers ... current is independent of reverse bias voltage. Reverse current is mostly depends on the light intensity.

Description : In electric traction for a trapezoidal speed-time curve, the time period is (A) free running speed period = constant speed period (B) free running period = coasting period (C) free running period + coasting period = constant speed period (D) average speed period = scheduled speed period

Last Answer : In electric traction for a trapezoidal speed-time curve, the time period is free running period + coasting period = constant speed period

Description : Trapezoidal speed-time curve is (A) an exact representation of the conditions in Main-line traction service. (B) an exact representation of the conditions in Suburban traction service. (C) ... in Suburban traction service. (D) a close approximation of the conditions in Mainline traction service.

Last Answer : Trapezoidal speed-time curve is a close approximation of the conditions in Mainline traction service.

Last Answer : When a bogie negotiates a curve, reduction in adhesion occurs resulting in sliding. Thus sliding is acute when wheel base of axles is more, degree of curvature is more.

Last Answer : In a load curve the highest point represents peak demand.

Last Answer : Load curve is useful in deciding the operating schedule of generating units, sizes of generating units, total installed capacity of the plant.

Last Answer : The area under a load curve gives energy consumed.

Last Answer : A load curve indicates average kWh (kW) energy consumption during the period.

Description : write short notes on BH curve.

Last Answer : The B-H curve is the relation between Flux density B in Wb/m2 (on Y Axis) and H in AT/m (on X axis) It is also known as magnetization characteristics. This curve particularly useful ... occurs. At point A' material gets magnetically saturated and the curve becomes flat (parallel to X axis) 

Description : Draw & explain operation of phase detector.

Last Answer : In phase detector, the op-Amp basically acts as a zero crossing detector. If a sine wave is applied at the i/p, we get square wave at the op-Amp o/p (at point ... to two channel of the CRO. The time duration between the pulses corresponding to voltages represent the phase between them. 

Description : Explain the operation of advanced gas cooled reactor.

Last Answer : Operation:- Carbon dioxide or Helium is the gas used for transferring the heat produced form the reactor core to the Heat exchanger. The gas is pumped through the reactor core at high pressure. In heat ... The AGR was designed to have a high thermal efficiency 40 %. Steam pressure is 162 Kg/cm2 

Description : State principle of operation of piezo-electric transducer. State its application.

Last Answer : The piezoelectric element used for converting mechanical movement into electric signals. The mechanical deformation generates charges and this charge appears as a voltage across the electrodes.  ... destructive test (NDT) equipments 6. Piezoelectric materials are used in ultrasonic transducers. 

Description : Describe principle of operation of Doppler type ultrasonic flow meter with diagram. 

Last Answer : Diagram: Working:  The flow meter consists of a crystal transducer mounted outside the pipe in which flow is to be measured. This transducer is a piezoelectric crystal which ... , so the frequency of the reflected wave is shifted to particle velocity, according to Doppler principle.

Description : Describe the operation of N channel enhancement type MOSFET with diagram.

Last Answer : As its name indicates, this MOSFET operates only in the enhancement mode and has no depletion mode. It operates with large positive gate voltage only. It does not conduct when the ... of charge carriers attracted to the positive gate. Thus drain current is controlled by the gate potential.

Description : Describe operation of N-channel JFET

Last Answer : Operation of N-channel JFET  1) When VGS = 0 volt: When a voltage is applied between the drain and source with a DC supply voltage VDD with VGS = 0 V, the electrons flow from source ... to zero. The gate to source voltage at which current reduces to zero is called as pinch-off voltage.

Description : What would happen if a power transformer designed for operation on 50 Hz (frequency) were connected to a 500 Hz (frequency) source of the same voltage:  (A) Eddy Current and Hysteresis losses will be ... Current will be too much high  (C) Transformer may start to smoke and burn  (D) No effect

Last Answer : What would happen if a power transformer designed for operation on 50 Hz (frequency) were connected to a 500 Hz (frequency) source of the same voltage:  (A) Eddy Current and Hysteresis losses will be ... will be too much high  (C) Transformer may start to smoke and burn  (D) No effect

Description : With neat sketch explain four modes of operation of a TRIAC? 

Last Answer : Modes of operation of a TRIAC: There are four different operating modes of TRIAC:  1) MT2 and gate are positive with respect to terminal MT1(Mode1) : Here terminal MT2 is positive ... junction P2-N2 is forward biased, current carriers are injected and therefore, the TRIAC is turned on. 

Description : What is PLL? Explain its operation with a block diagram.

Last Answer : PLL - A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is related to the phase of an input signal Block diagram  ... to the input frequency. The phase - locked loop goes through three states free running capture and phase lock.

Description : Explain the operation of UPS with a neat block diagram.

Last Answer : Uninterruptible-Power-Supplies (UPS): A block diagram of UPS system is shown in figure. It essentially consists of four major components: i)Rectifier (or battery charger) ii) ... . Due to fast action requirement, transfer switch can be implemented by fast acting semiconductor devices.

Description : Explain the series and parallel operation of MOSFET. Which is suitable and why?

Last Answer : Series operation of MOSFET: To increase voltage handling capability MOSFETs are connected in series. When the MOSFETs are connected in series each MOSFET should turn on and turn off ... on and turn off time and transconductance. Each MOSFET should share current equally.  

Description : Also, highlight the problem faced during parallel operation.

Last Answer : Parallel operation of IGBT: Parallel operation of IGBT is done for obtaining high current rating. Paralleling of IGBT reduces conduction losses and thermal stress. IGBT combines the qualities of ... . IGBTs must share losses equally otherwise IGBT may get failure due to thermal differences.

Description : Fuel Pump Operation

Last Answer : Most people know that their cars have fuel pumps, but they don't really know how they operate. Some even pay attention to their fuel pumps only when they have already malfunctioned. It is important ... check your fuel pump for any problems because a defective pump can be dangerous while on the road.

Description : State jumping operation.

Last Answer : Jumping up operation: This process makes metal shorter and thicker and carried out at near welding temperature. Metal can be either thickened at the ends of bars or swollen in the center.

Description : State the principle of operation of d.c. motor.

Last Answer : When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences the force. The magnitude of force is given by F = BIL newton  where F – Force   B – maximum flux density   I – Current   L – Length of conductor

Description : operation of DSO with block diagram.

Last Answer : The input is amplified and attenuated with input amplifiers. The output of the input signal amplifiers feeds an analog to digital converter (ADC). There are numbers of ADC available. But the selection of ADC ... view the display on the CRT, the data from memory is reconstructed in analog form.

Description : operation of ramp type DVM.

Last Answer : This is given to an input comparator which will compare two signals and generates the output. One input to the input comparator is from the input and another input is from the ramp. This input voltage and ... ground and output is given. This output will stop the flow of purchase from clock

Description : operation of half wave rectifier type AC Voltmeter.

Last Answer :  Half-wave Rectifier Voltmeter The d'Arsonval meter movement only responds to the average or dc value of the current through the moving coil. In order to measure alternating ... ) input voltage signal alternating signal needs to be rectified first by using diode rectifier to produce 

Description :  operation of whetstone bridge. 

Last Answer : A Wheatstone bridge is widely used to measure the electrical resistance. This circuit is built with two known resistors, one unknown resistor and one variable resistor connected in the form of bridge. ... using a Wheatstone Bridge the unknown electrical resistance value can easily measure.

Description : Which of the following thyristors can be used for high frequency of operation? A) TRIAC B) DIAC C) SCR D) GTO 

Last Answer : Which of the following thyristors can be used for high frequency of operation? A) TRIAC B) DIAC C) SCR D) GTO 

Description : A four -quadrant operation requires two full converters connected in  (1) Series (3) Back to back (2) Parallel (4) Series Cascade

Last Answer : A four-quadrant operation requires two full converters connected in Parallel 

Description : An additional condition for parallel operation of three-phase transformers over single-phase transformers is that

Last Answer : An additional condition for parallel operation of three-phase transformers over single-phase transformers is that the transformers should belong to the same vector group

Description : The operation of a ramp type Digital Voltmeter is based on the principle of (A) Voltage-to-current conversion. (B) Voltage-to-time conversion. (C) Current-to-time conversion. (D) Current-to-frequency conversion.

Last Answer : The operation of a ramp type Digital Voltmeter is based on the principle of Voltage-to-time conversion.

Last Answer : For the parallel operation of two or more D.C. compound generators, we should ensure that series fields of all generators should be either on positive side or negative side of the armature.

Last Answer : Necessary conditions required to be satisfied in order to ensure successful parallel operation of single phase transformers:  1. Only transformers having the same phase displacement between primary and secondary ... . 7. The phase sequence must be followed strictly on HV and LV side connection.

Description : Describe the basic SHA operation with the help of its four mode specifications.

Last Answer : Sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA) is a unity gain amplifier with a mode control switch where the input of the amplifier is connected to a time-varying signal. A trigger pulse at the mode control switch ... but other forms, such as optical and mechanical forms, are possible. Also denoted S/H.

Description : parallel operation of MOSFET can be done more easily as compared to thyristor. why?

Last Answer : Parallel operation of MOSFET can be done more easily as compared to thyristor because the resistance of MOSFET is increases with increase in temperature. MOSFET have the positive temperature coefficient. In ... the parallel operation of MOSFET can be done more easily as compared to the thyristor.

Description : Draw a neat labelled diagram of 1-2 shell and tube heat exchanger. 

Last Answer : 1-2 shell and tube heat exchanger: 

Description : vertical deflection system and explain its operation.

Last Answer : The main function of the vertical deflection system , is to provide an amplified signal of proper level to derive the vertical deflection plates without any distortion. For amplification of the ... suppression, reduced nonlinear effects because none of the plates are at ground potential.

Description : Draw block diagram of CNC system and state function of each block.

Last Answer : (i) Input Devices: These are the devices which are used to input the part program in the CNC machine. There are three commonly used input devices and these are punch tape reader, magnetic ... Unit: A monitor is used to display the programs, commands and other useful data of CNC machine. 

Description : Draw block diagram of instrumentation system. State function.

Last Answer : Primary transducer: The sensor which comes in contact with the measurement medium to sense the quantity. Variable conversion element: the transducer which converts the sensor ... transmitted through suitable transmission medium to the operator or presented with the help of indicators.

Description : Draw the block diagram of basic wind energy conversion system and write function of each block. 

Last Answer : Block diagram of basic wind energy conversion system: OR Components of wind power plant and their functions:  1) Rotor /Blade/Aero-turbine: Blade extracts significant power from the ... stronger and smoother. Towers are supports to raise the main part of the turbine up in the air.

Description : Draw the labeled block diagram of process control system and explain each block.

Last Answer : Explanation - Process control system consists of process or plant, sensor, error detector, automatic Controller, actuator or control element. 1) Process or plant- process means some manufacturing sequence ... process which changes the process variable. Output of this block is denoted by u .

Description : Draw and explain schematic of PLC based automatic car parking barrier system.

Last Answer : Explanation: Automatic car parking system allow to park maximum numbers of car in parking zone according to size of parking zone. parking zone number of vehicle parked in parking zone is less ... available parking space then automated parking system does not allow enter next car in parking zone.