A company can forfeit shares if the– (A) shareholder fails to pay the amount of the call during the stipulated time (B) shareholder pays calls in advance (C) shareholder does not pay the application money (D) shares have been issued at par

A company can forfeit shares if the– (A) shareholder fails to pay the amount of the call during the stipulated time (B) shareholder pays calls in advance (C) shareholder does not pay the application money (D) shares have been issued at par  
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Answer: shareholder fails to pay the amount of the call during the stipulated time
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XYZ Ltd. issued 10,000 shares of Rs. 100 each at Rs. 120 per share with Rs. 25 on application, Rs. 45 on allotment including premium, Rs. 20 on first call and Rs. 30 on final call. Govind who held 200 shares did not pay any call money and his shares were forfeited. What is the amount to be credited to Share Forfeiture Account on forfeiture ? (A) Rs. 14,000 (B) Rs. 10,000 (C) Rs. 9,000 (D) Rs. 4,000

Description : XYZ Ltd. issued 10,000 shares of Rs. 100 each at Rs. 120 per share with Rs. 25 on application, Rs. 45 on allotment including premium, Rs. 20 on first call and Rs. 30 on final call. Govind who held 200 shares did not pay ... forfeiture ? (A) Rs. 14,000 (B) Rs. 10,000 (C) Rs. 9,000 (D) Rs. 4,000

Last Answer : Answer: Rs. 10,000

Alfa Company Limited acquired the business of M/s Bharat Traders. The valuation of the items acquired was-building Rs. 1,20,000; machinery Rs. 80,000 and stock-in-trade Rs. 30,000. The company issued in lieu of the above items 800, 10% debentures of Rs. 100 each at par and 15,000 equity shares of Rs. 10 each. How much was the flow of funds in the above transaction ? (A) Rs. 2,30,000 (B) Rs. 1,00,000 (C) Rs. 50,000 (D) Rs. 30,000

Description : Alfa Company Limited acquired the business of M/s Bharat Traders. The valuation of the items acquired was-building Rs. 1,20,000; machinery Rs. 80,000 and stock-in-trade Rs. 30,000. The company issued in lieu of the above items 800, ... ) Rs. 2,30,000 (B) Rs. 1,00,000 (C) Rs. 50,000 (D) Rs. 30,000

Last Answer : Answer: Rs. 30,000

The liability of the shareholders of a public limited company is limited to the extent of– (A) Par value of the share (B) Paid up value of the shares (C) Market price of the shares (D) Intrinsic value of the shares

Description : The liability of the shareholders of a public limited company is limited to the extent of– (A) Par value of the share (B) Paid up value of the shares (C) Market price of the shares (D) Intrinsic value of the shares

Last Answer : Answer: Paid up value of the shares

A company has issued a 20-year bond at Rs. 1000 par value with a coupon rate of 10 per cent. The required rate of return on similar bonds is 12 per cent. What is the current value of the bond ? (A) Rs. 905•33 (B) Rs. 850•45 (C) Rs. 833•33 (D) Rs. 820•20

Description : A company has issued a 20-year bond at Rs. 1000 par value with a coupon rate of 10 per cent. The required rate of return on similar bonds is 12 per cent. What is the current value of the bond ? (A) Rs. 905•33 (B) Rs. 850•45 (C) Rs. 833•33 (D) Rs. 820•20

Last Answer : Answer: Rs. 905•33

A company forfeited 30 equity shares of Rs. 10 each fully called-up, for non-payment of allotment money of Rs. 3 and call-money of Rs. 4 per share. If these shares are reissued at Rs. 8 per share fully paid, the amount transferable to capital reserve will be– (A) Rs. 300 (B) Rs. 60 (C) Rs. 90 (D) Rs. 30

Description : A company forfeited 30 equity shares of Rs. 10 each fully called-up, for non-payment of allotment money of Rs. 3 and call-money of Rs. 4 per share. If these shares are reissued at Rs. 8 per share fully paid, the amount ... to capital reserve will be- (A) Rs. 300 (B) Rs. 60 (C) Rs. 90 (D) Rs. 30

Last Answer : Answer: Rs. 30

Which one of the following securities cannot be issued by a Public Limited Company in India ? (A) Participating preference shares (B) Redeemable preference shares (C) Deferred shares (D) Debentures.

Description : Which one of the following securities cannot be issued by a Public Limited Company in India ? (A) Participating preference shares (B) Redeemable preference shares (C) Deferred shares (D) Debentures.

Last Answer : Answer: Deferred shares

X Limited forfeited Ram’s 20 shares of Rs. 10 each on which Rs. 7 is called up. Ram had paid application and allotment money of Rs. 5 per share. Of these forfeited shares 15 shares were reissued to Hari as fully paid up for Rs. 6 per share. What amount should be transferred to Capital Reserve account ? (A) Rs. 15 (B) Rs. 20 (C) Rs. 75 (D) Rs. 100

Description : X Limited forfeited Ram's 20 shares of Rs. 10 each on which Rs. 7 is called up. Ram had paid application and allotment money of Rs. 5 per share. Of these forfeited shares 15 shares were reissued to Hari as fully paid up ... to Capital Reserve account ? (A) Rs. 15 (B) Rs. 20 (C) Rs. 75 (D) Rs. 100

Last Answer : Answer: Rs. 15

Bonus Shares are issued to– (A) Equity Shareholders (B) Preference Shareholders (C) Debenture Holders (D) Secured Creditors

Description : Bonus Shares are issued to– (A) Equity Shareholders (B) Preference Shareholders (C) Debenture Holders (D) Secured Creditors

Last Answer : Answer: Equity Shareholders

A company invited application for subscription of 5,000 shares. The application were received for 6,000 shares. The shares were allotted on pro-rata basis. If X has applied for 180 shares how many shares would be allotted to him ? (A) 180 shares (B) 200 shares (C) 150 shares (D) 175 shares

Description : A company invited application for subscription of 5,000 shares. The application were received for 6,000 shares. The shares were allotted on pro-rata basis. If X has applied for 180 shares how many shares would be allotted to him ? (A) 180 shares (B) 200 shares (C) 150 shares (D) 175 shares

Last Answer : Answer: 150 shares

A company limited by shares has to call the statutory meeting within a period of not less than one month and not more than six months. This period is counted with reference to which one of the following ? (A) The date of incorporation (B) The date at which the company is entitled to commence business (C) The date of actual receipt of certificate of incorporation (D) The date of actual commencement of business

Description : A company limited by shares has to call the statutory meeting within a period of not less than one month and not more than six months. This period is counted with reference to which one of ... date of actual receipt of certificate of incorporation (D) The date of actual commencement of business

Last Answer : Answer: The date at which the company is entitled to commence business

Is all shares issued in Ghana are shares of no par value?

Description : Is all shares issued in Ghana are shares of no par value?

Last Answer : Need answer

X Ltd. forfeited 20 shares of Rs. 10 each on which Rs. 6 per share were paid. If out of these shares, 8 shares were reissued to Ram as fully paid up on payment of Rs. 5•50 per share, the amount that will remain standing to the credit of Share Forfeited A/c will be– (A) Rs. 48 (B) Rs. 72 (C) Rs. 84 (D) Rs. 120

Description : X Ltd. forfeited 20 shares of Rs. 10 each on which Rs. 6 per share were paid. If out of these shares, 8 shares were reissued to Ram as fully paid up on payment of Rs. 5 50 per share, the amount that will remain standing ... Share Forfeited A/c will be- (A) Rs. 48 (B) Rs. 72 (C) Rs. 84 (D) Rs. 120

Last Answer : Answer: Rs. 120

The amount deposited in Securities Premium Account can be used for– (A) Distributing profits (B) Issue of Bonus Shares (C) Paying the amount to director (D) None of the above

Description : The amount deposited in Securities Premium Account can be used for– (A) Distributing profits (B) Issue of Bonus Shares (C) Paying the amount to director (D) None of the above

Last Answer : Answer: Issue of Bonus Shares

When does Lok Sabha or a Vidhan Sabha election candidate forfeit his security deposit? (1) When he fails to win the election (2) When he fails to secure even 1/4 of total votes polled (3) When he fails to secure even 1/5 of total votes polled (4) When he fails to secure even 1/6 of total votes polled

Description : When does Lok Sabha or a Vidhan Sabha election candidate forfeit his security deposit? (1) When he fails to win the election (2) When he fails to secure even 1/4 of total votes polled (3) When he fails ... even 1/5 of total votes polled (4) When he fails to secure even 1/6 of total votes polled

Last Answer : (4) When he fails to secure even 1/6 of total votes polled Explanation: A deposit is a sum of money that a candidate must pay in return for the right to stand for election to certain political ... he polis less than one-sixth of the total valid votes cast in a First-past-the-post voting system.

Which of the following is not a feature of bonds ? (A) Par value (B) Yield to maturity (C) Coupon rate (D) Maturity

Description : Which of the following is not a feature of bonds ? (A) Par value (B) Yield to maturity (C) Coupon rate (D) Maturity

Last Answer : Answer: Yield to maturity

On 1st April, 2013, Y Ltd. Issued 1000, 12% debentures of Rs. 100 each at a discount of 6%. These debentures are redeemable in five equal annual instalments at the end of each year. What is the amount of discount to be written off in the first year i.e. on 31st March, 2007, through P & L A/c ? (A) Rs. 2000 (B) Rs. 1800 (C) Rs. 1200 (D) Rs. 600

Description : On 1st April, 2013, Y Ltd. Issued 1000, 12% debentures of Rs. 100 each at a discount of 6%. These debentures are redeemable in five equal annual instalments at the end of each year. What is the amount of discount to be written off ... & L A/c ? (A) Rs. 2000 (B) Rs. 1800 (C) Rs. 1200 (D) Rs. 600

Last Answer : Answer: Rs. 1200

Share Premium received by a Company may be used for– (A) Payment of dividend (B) Payment of remuneration to management (C) Issue of Bonus shares (D) None of these

Description : Share Premium received by a Company may be used for– (A) Payment of dividend (B) Payment of remuneration to management (C) Issue of Bonus shares (D) None of these

Last Answer : Answer: Issue of Bonus shares

Disinvestment of shares means– (A) To sale the shares of private company to public (B) To sale the shares of public company to the public (C) To sale the shares of Government company to the public (D) To sale of shares by holding company to its subsidiary company

Description : Disinvestment of shares means– (A) To sale the shares of private company to public (B) To sale the shares of public company to the public (C) To sale the shares of Government company to the public (D) To sale of shares by holding company to its subsidiary company

Last Answer : Answer: To sale the shares of public company to the public

In a Private Company there are restrictions regarding– (A) Transfer of shares (B) Issue of prospectus (C) Number of members (D) All of the above

Description : In a Private Company there are restrictions regarding– (A) Transfer of shares (B) Issue of prospectus (C) Number of members (D) All of the above

Last Answer : Answer: All of the above

The profit of a company (whose capital is divided into 25‚000 shares of Rs. 10 each) for the last three years are : Rs. 50‚000; Rs. 60‚000 and Rs. 40‚000. The fair return on investment is taken at 10% p.a. The value of company’s share will be– (A) Rs. 10 (B) Rs. 20 (C) Rs. 30 (D) Rs. 40

Description : The profit of a company (whose capital is divided into 25‚000 shares of Rs. 10 each) for the last three years are : Rs. 50‚000; Rs. 60‚000 and Rs. 40‚000. The fair return on investment is taken at 10% p.a. The value of company’s share will be– (A) Rs. 10 (B) Rs. 20 (C) Rs. 30 (D) Rs. 40

Last Answer : Answer: Rs. 20

In case of a company, “Buy Back” is related to– (A) Prospectus (B) Shares (C) Debentures (D) Cheques

Description : In case of a company, “Buy Back” is related to– (A) Prospectus (B) Shares (C) Debentures (D) Cheques

Last Answer : Answer: Shares

Which of the following companies do not have the obligation to get its Articles of Association registered along with the Memorandum of Association ? (A) Public Company limited by shares (B) Unlimited companies (C) Private companies limited by shares (D) Companies limited by guarantee

Description : Which of the following companies do not have the obligation to get its Articles of Association registered along with the Memorandum of Association ? (A) Public Company limited by shares (B) Unlimited companies (C) Private companies limited by shares (D) Companies limited by guarantee

Last Answer : Answer: Public Company limited by shares

Rahul invested a certain amount in buying Rs. 25 shares of a company, which pays a dividend of 12%. If the earns 10% per annum on his investment, then

Description : Rahul invested a certain amount in buying Rs. 25 shares of a company, which pays a dividend of 12%. If the earns 10% per annum on his investment, then

Last Answer : Rahul invested a certain amount in buying Rs. 25 shares of a company, which pays a dividend of ... , then find the market value of each share.

If the investment made in buying 150 shares of a company at Rs. 6 above par is Rs.99,000, then find the face value of each share.

Description : If the investment made in buying 150 shares of a company at Rs. 6 above par is Rs.99,000, then find the face value of each share.

Last Answer : If the investment made in buying 150 shares of a company at Rs. 6 above par is Rs.99,000, then find the face value of each share.

A company is selling shares at Rs.96 each has a par value of Rs.120. The discount percentage is _______.

Description : A company is selling shares at Rs.96 each has a par value of Rs.120. The discount percentage is _______.

Last Answer : A company is selling shares at Rs.96 each has a par value of Rs.120. The discount percentage is _______.

A company is selling shares at Rs.120 each. Each has a par vlaue of Rs.100. The premium percentage is _______.

Description : A company is selling shares at Rs.120 each. Each has a par vlaue of Rs.100. The premium percentage is _______.

Last Answer : A company is selling shares at Rs.120 each. Each has a par vlaue of Rs.100. The premium percentage is _______.

Income and expenses for the year 2012 are– Fee Received in Cash – Rs.24,000 Accrued Fee – Rs.6,000 Rent for Chamber Paid – Rs.6,000 Outstanding Rent – Rs.2,000 Salary Paid to Staff – Rs.6,000 Miscellaneous Expenses Paid – Rs.200 Salary paid in advance to staff included in the above : Rs. 1,000. What is the income under accrual basis ? (A) Rs. 11,800 (B) Rs. 13,200 (C) Rs. 16,800 (D) Rs. 30,000

Description : Income and expenses for the year 2012 are- Fee Received in Cash - Rs.24,000 Accrued Fee - Rs.6,000 Rent for Chamber Paid - Rs.6,000 Outstanding Rent - Rs.2,000 Salary Paid to Staff - Rs.6,000 Miscellaneous Expenses Paid - Rs. ... basis ? (A) Rs. 11,800 (B) Rs. 13,200 (C) Rs. 16,800 (D) Rs. 30,000

Last Answer : Answer: Rs. 13,200

The ‘Buy Back of Shares’ was prohibited in India until– (A) October 31, 1998 (B) October 31, 2000 (C) October 31, 2001 (D) October 31, 2002

Description : The ‘Buy Back of Shares’ was prohibited in India until– (A) October 31, 1998 (B) October 31, 2000 (C) October 31, 2001 (D) October 31, 2002

Last Answer : Answer: October 31, 1998

Which one of the following statements is false ? (A) A ‘Demat Share’ is held by the depository on behalf of the investor whereas a ‘Physical Share’ is held by the investor himself (B) There is no stamp duty on the transfer of ‘Demat Shares’ from one account to another (C) The ‘Demat Share’ does not have a folio number, distinctive number or certificate number like a ‘Physical Share’ (D) The ‘Demat Share’ cannot be converted into a ‘Physical Share’

Description : Which one of the following statements is false ? (A) A Demat Share' is held by the depository on behalf of the investor whereas a Physical Share' is held by the investor himself (B) There is no ... number like a Physical Share' (D) The Demat Share' cannot be converted into a Physical Share'

Last Answer : Answer: The ‘Demat Share’ cannot be converted into a ‘Physical Share’

When the existing companies raise additional funds by issue of shares to the existing shareholders in proportion to their existing shareholdings, it is called– (A) Buyback of shares (B) Issue of shares at premium (C) Issue of shares at discount (D) Right shares issue

Description : When the existing companies raise additional funds by issue of shares to the existing shareholders in proportion to their existing shareholdings, it is called– (A) Buyback of shares (B) Issue of shares at premium (C) Issue of shares at discount (D) Right shares issue

Last Answer : Answer: Right shares issue

What is Capital Redemption Reserve Account available for ? (A) Redemption of redeemable preference shares (B) Redemption of redeemable debentures (C) Reorganization of share capital (D) Issue of fully paid bonus shares

Description : What is Capital Redemption Reserve Account available for ? (A) Redemption of redeemable preference shares (B) Redemption of redeemable debentures (C) Reorganization of share capital (D) Issue of fully paid bonus shares

Last Answer : Answer: Issue of fully paid bonus shares

X Ltd. purchased a car from Maruti Udyog Ltd. for Rs. 5,00,000. As per agreement Rs. 80,000 was to be paid in cash and the balance by issue of shares of Rs. 10 each at a premium of Rs. 5 per share. How many shares should X Ltd. issue to Maruti Udyog Ltd. for the car ? (A) 30,000 shares (B) 29,000 shares (C) 28,500 shares (D) 28,000 shares

Description : X Ltd. purchased a car from Maruti Udyog Ltd. for Rs. 5,00,000. As per agreement Rs. 80,000 was to be paid in cash and the balance by issue of shares of Rs. 10 each at a premium of Rs. 5 per share. How many ... . for the car ? (A) 30,000 shares (B) 29,000 shares (C) 28,500 shares (D) 28,000 shares

Last Answer : Answer: 28,000 shares

Share premium account can be used for– (A) Paying tax liability (B) Meeting the cost of issue of shares or debentures (C) Paying Dividend on shares (D) Meeting the loss on sale of old asset

Description : Share premium account can be used for– (A) Paying tax liability (B) Meeting the cost of issue of shares or debentures (C) Paying Dividend on shares (D) Meeting the loss on sale of old asset

Last Answer : Answer: Meeting the cost of issue of shares or debentures

Paperless office calls for– (A) Minimum record keeping (B) Maximum use of telephone (C) Maximum use of computers (D) Elimination of reporting

Description : Paperless office calls for– (A) Minimum record keeping (B) Maximum use of telephone (C) Maximum use of computers (D) Elimination of reporting

Last Answer : Answer: Maximum use of computers

On an equity share of Rs. 100, the minimum amount payable on application under the law should be– (A) Rs. 20 (B) Rs. 15 (C) Rs. 10 (D) Rs. 5

Description : On an equity share of Rs. 100, the minimum amount payable on application under the law should be– (A) Rs. 20 (B) Rs. 15 (C) Rs. 10 (D) Rs. 5

Last Answer : Answer: Rs. 5

The capital issues of public limited companies are subject to guidelines issued by– (A) Reserve Bank of India (B) Central Government (C) Central Bank of India (D) Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI)

Description : The capital issues of public limited companies are subject to guidelines issued by– (A) Reserve Bank of India (B) Central Government (C) Central Bank of India (D) Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI)

Last Answer : Answer: Securities amp; Exchange Board of India (SEBI)

A document issued by a vendor giving credit to the debtor is called:

Description : A document issued by a vendor giving credit to the debtor is called:

Last Answer : Credit note

When shares of face value Rs.50 each are sold above par at Rs.10 premium, then the money required to buy 30 such shares it _______.

Description : When shares of face value Rs.50 each are sold above par at Rs.10 premium, then the money required to buy 30 such shares it _______.

Last Answer : When shares of face value Rs.50 each are sold above par at Rs.10 premium, then the money required to buy 30 such shares it _______.

A_________ include the following call for periodical report from the company. a. Underwriter b. Shareholder c. Debenture trustee

Description : A_________ include the following call for periodical report from the company. a. Underwriter b. Shareholder c. Debenture trustee

Last Answer : c. Debenture trustee

A person invested Rs. 18,000 in buying Rs. 150 shares of a company which are available at a premium of Rs. 50. If the company pays a 9% dividend, then

Description : A person invested Rs. 18,000 in buying Rs. 150 shares of a company which are available at a premium of Rs. 50. If the company pays a 9% dividend, then

Last Answer : A person invested Rs. 18,000 in buying Rs. 150 shares of a company which are available at a ... also the annual income he earned from the investment.

A man invests Rs. 20,000 in Rs. 80 shares of a company available at a premium of Rs. 20. IF the company pays a dividend of 8%, then find the rate of r

Description : A man invests Rs. 20,000 in Rs. 80 shares of a company available at a premium of Rs. 20. IF the company pays a dividend of 8%, then find the rate of r

Last Answer : A man invests Rs. 20,000 in Rs. 80 shares of a company available at a premium of Rs. 20. IF ... of 8%, then find the rate of return on the investment.

A Rs.100 shares is bought at a premium of Rs.25. If the investment is worth `9%` per annum, then find the rate at which the company pays the dividend.

Description : A Rs.100 shares is bought at a premium of Rs.25. If the investment is worth `9%` per annum, then find the rate at which the company pays the dividend.

Last Answer : A Rs.100 shares is bought at a premium of Rs.25. If the investment is worth `9%` per annum, then find the rate at which the company pays the dividend.

Rakesh invested Rs.27,000 in Rs.27 shares of a company which pays a dividend of `10%`. Find the market value of each share if he derives an annual inc

Description : Rakesh invested Rs.27,000 in Rs.27 shares of a company which pays a dividend of `10%`. Find the market value of each share if he derives an annual inc

Last Answer : Rakesh invested Rs.27,000 in Rs.27 shares of a company which pays a dividend of `10%`. Find ... investment, also find the number of shares he bought.

The balance appearing in the books of a company at the end of year were CRR A/c Rs. 50,000, Security Premium Rs. 5,000, Revaluation Reserve Rs. 20,000, P & L A/c (Dr) Rs. 10,000. Maximum amount available for distribution of Bonus Share will be– (A) Rs. 50,000 (B) Rs. 55,000 (C) Rs. 45,000 (D) Rs. 57,000

Description : The balance appearing in the books of a company at the end of year were CRR A/c Rs. 50,000, Security Premium Rs. 5,000, Revaluation Reserve Rs. 20,000, P & L A/c (Dr) Rs. 10,000. Maximum amount available for distribution of ... will be- (A) Rs. 50,000 (B) Rs. 55,000 (C) Rs. 45,000 (D) Rs. 57,000

Last Answer : Answer: Rs. 55,000

Amount of calls in advance is treated as a) Secured creditor b) Preferential creditor c) Asset not specifically pledged d) Unsecured creditor

Description : Amount of calls in advance is treated as a) Secured creditor b) Preferential creditor c) Asset not specifically pledged d) Unsecured creditor

Last Answer : b) Preferential creditor

When shares issued at premium which of the following account is credited? A. Share premium account B. Share first call account C. Share allotment account D. Share forfeited account

Description : When shares issued at premium which of the following account is credited? A. Share premium account B. Share first call account C. Share allotment account D. Share forfeited account

Last Answer : A. Share premium account

Which one of the following statements is correct concerning the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)? a) The WACC may decrease as a firm's debt-equity ratio increases. b) In the computation of WACC, weight assigned to the preferred stock is based on the coupon rate multiplied by the par value of the stock. c) A firm's WACC will decrease as the corporate tax rate decreases. d) The weight of the common stock used in the computation of the WACC is based on the number of shares outstanding multiplied by the book value per share.

Description : Which one of the following statements is correct concerning the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)? a) The WACC may decrease as a firm's debt-equity ratio increases. b) In the computation of ... of the WACC is based on the number of shares outstanding multiplied by the book value per share.

Last Answer : a) The WACC may decrease as a firm's debt-equity ratio increases.

To issue shares on Par mean A. Issue on face value of shares B. Issue on more than face value of shares C. Issue on less than face value of shares D. Initial public offer

Description : To issue shares on Par mean A. Issue on face value of shares B. Issue on more than face value of shares C. Issue on less than face value of shares D. Initial public offer

Last Answer : A. Issue on face value of shares

Which exchange-rate mechanism calls for frequent redefining of the par value by small amounts to remove a payments disequilibrium? A. Dual Exchange rates B. Adjustable Pegged Exchange Rates C. Managed Floating Exchange Rates D. Crawling Pegged Exchange Rate

Description : Which exchange-rate mechanism calls for frequent redefining of the par value by small amounts to remove a payments disequilibrium? A. Dual Exchange rates B. Adjustable Pegged Exchange Rates C. Managed Floating Exchange Rates D. Crawling Pegged Exchange Rate

Last Answer : D. Crawling Pegged Exchange Rate

A long-term security yielding a fixed rate of interest, issued by a company is called ________ A. Shares B. Debentures C. Bonds D. Both (A) and (C) E. None of the Above

Description : A long-term security yielding a fixed rate of interest, issued by a company is called ________ A. Shares B. Debentures C. Bonds D. Both (A) and (C) E. None of the Above

Last Answer : B. Debentures Explanation: A debenture is a type of debt instrument that is not secured by physical assets or collateral. Instruments issued by companies are called debentures. The difference between the two is actually a function of where they are registered and pay stamp duty and how they trade.