A 35 year old male presents with weakness and tiredness. He is noted to be hyertensive. Electrolytes show a hypokalaemia and a hypomagnesaemia. What investigation would you select for this patient? 1) Colonoscopy 2) Plasma renin toaldosterone ratio 3) Serum amylase 4) Serum calcium 5) Oral glucose tolerance test

A 35 year old male presents with weakness and tiredness. He is noted to be hyertensive. Electrolytes show a hypokalaemia and a hypomagnesaemia. What investigation would you select for this patient? 1) Colonoscopy 2) Plasma renin toaldosterone ratio 3) Serum amylase 4) Serum calcium 5) Oral glucose tolerance test
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Answers-2 The hypokalaemic hypertension with hypomagnesaemia suggests primary hyperaldosteronism. The most reliable assessment for this would be renin to aldosterone ratio.
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An Afro-Carribean male aged 48 years presents with gradual onset of exertional dyspnoea, non productive cough, malaise, weight loss and polyarthralgia. Schirmers test indicates a dry eye. X-ray of the hand shows punched out osteopenic lesions. Which of the following investigation is unlikely to be helpful in establishing the diagnosis of this condition: 1) Serum calcium 2) Serum phosphorus 3) Urea and electrolytes 4) Thallium Scan 5) Quantitative Immunoglobulins.

Description : An Afro-Carribean male aged 48 years presents with gradual onset of exertional dyspnoea, non productive cough, malaise, weight loss and polyarthralgia. Schirmers test indicates a dry eye. X-ray ... 2) Serum phosphorus 3) Urea and electrolytes 4) Thallium Scan 5) Quantitative Immunoglobulins.

Last Answer : Answers-4 This condition is sarcoidosis. Serum calcium, Serum phosphorus, Chem7 and Chem 20 and Quantitative Immunoglobulins are all used in establishing the diagnosis. Gallium scan is helpful in ... areas of poor perfusion. It is particularly used in cardiology to detect areas of ischaemia.

A 70-year-old patient presented with weakness, tiredness and muscle cramps. The ECG showed Q-T prolongation, flattening of T wave and occasional A-V block. His serum K+ was low (2.8 mEq/L). He admitted taking a laxative every day for the past several months. Which laxative could be responsible for the above condition: A. Bisacodyl B. Liquid paraffin C. Methylcellulose D. Bran

Description : A 70-year-old patient presented with weakness, tiredness and muscle cramps. The ECG showed Q-T prolongation, flattening of T wave and occasional A-V block. His serum K+ was low (2.8 mEq ... could be responsible for the above condition: A. Bisacodyl B. Liquid paraffin C. Methylcellulose D. Bran

Last Answer : A. Bisacodyl

A 55 year-old female complaining of vague tiredness is found to have a serum corrected calcium concentration of 2.9 mmol/l. Examination was unremarkable. Which of the following results confirms the suspected diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism? 1) High normal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration 2) High normal 24 hour urinary calcium concentration 3) High normal plasma parathyroid hormone concentration 4) Low normal plasma phosphate concentration 5) Low normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration

Description : A 55 year-old female complaining of vague tiredness is found to have a serum corrected calcium concentration of 2.9 mmol/l. Examination was unremarkable. Which of the following results ... 4) Low normal plasma phosphate concentration 5) Low normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration

Last Answer : Answers-3 Bit too easy really. A high or even normal PTH concentration in the presence of hypercalcaemia would support the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. A high urinary Calcium concentration may ... but neither confirm the diagnosis. Elevated 1,25 VitD suggests a diagnosis of hypervitaminosis D.

An 16-year-old man presents with polyuria and polydipsia. Which of the following may confirm the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus? 1) A random plasma glucose of >7.5 mmol/L 2) A finding of 3+ ketonuria 3) An HbA1c of 7.0% 4) A fasting plasma glucose of 7.5 mmol/L 5) An abnormal glucose tolerance test

Description : An 16-year-old man presents with polyuria and polydipsia. Which of the following may confirm the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus? 1) A random plasma glucose of >7.5 mmol/L 2) A finding of 3+ ketonuria 3) An HbA1c of 7.0% 4) A fasting plasma glucose of 7.5 mmol/L 5) An abnormal glucose tolerance test

Last Answer : Answers-4 The diagnosis is usually relatively easy to confirm in a symptomatic subject. A random glucose of >11.1 mmol/L or a fasting glucose of >7.0 mmol/L would be regarded as ... haemoglobin (HbA1c) is also highly suggestive but not diagnostic. A glucose tolerance test is rarely needed.

A 16 year old male with a day history of malaise, weakness and vomiting. He was diagnosed with Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 3 years prviously. Which ONE of the following supports a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis: 1) Abdominal pain at onset 2) A serum bicarbonate of 10 mmol/l 3) A serum glucose 14 mmol/l 4) Decreased appetite in the past few days 5) Shallow respirations

Description : A 16 year old male with a day history of malaise, weakness and vomiting. He was diagnosed with Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 3 years prviously. Which ONE of the following supports a diagnosis of ... serum glucose 14 mmol/l 4) Decreased appetite in the past few days 5) Shallow respirations

Last Answer : Answers-2 a-An unusual but recognised feature particularly in children. However does not support a diagnosis of DKA. b-Suggests metabolic acidosis. c-'Normoglycaemic DKA' can occur and a glucose ... anorexia. e-Respiratory compensation leads to rapid deep (Kussmaul's) breathing. (Dr Mike Mulcahy)

A 75 year old man presents with a long history of shortness of breath and ankle oedema. His serum biochemistry shows sodium 122 mmols/l and potassium of 2.9 mmols/l. He now complains of weakness.Which of the following is likely to explain the above biochemical picture? 1) Addison's Disease 2) Nephrotic syndrome 3) Primary hyperaldosteronism 4) SIADH 5) Diuretic therapy

Description : A 75 year old man presents with a long history of shortness of breath and ankle oedema. His serum biochemistry shows sodium 122 mmols/l and potassium of 2.9 mmols/l. He now complains of ... ? 1) Addison's Disease 2) Nephrotic syndrome 3) Primary hyperaldosteronism 4) SIADH 5) Diuretic therapy

Last Answer : Answers-5 The long history of his symptoms and serum biochemistry suggests that his condition is due to treatment with frusemide for CCF.

When the post-cardiac surgery patient demonstrates restlessness, nausea, weakness, and peaked T waves, the nurse reviews the patient’s serum electrolytes anticipating which abnormality? a) Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia is indicated by mental confusion, restlessness, nausea, weakness, and dysrhythmias (tall, peaked T waves). b) Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia would likely be demonstrated by asystole. c) Hypomagnesemia Hypomagenesemia would likely be demonstrated by hypotension, lethargy, and vasodilation. d) Hyponatremia Hyponatremia would likely be indicated by weakness, fatigue, and confusion without change in T wave formation

Description : When the post-cardiac surgery patient demonstrates restlessness, nausea, weakness, and peaked T waves, the nurse reviews the patient's serum electrolytes anticipating which abnormality? a) Hyperkalemia ... likely be indicated by weakness, fatigue, and confusion without change in T wave formation

Last Answer : a) Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia is indicated by mental confusion, restlessness, nausea, weakness, and dysrhythmias (tall, peaked T waves).

A number of changes in trace mineral metabolism are noted during sepsis. Which of the following change(s) may be observed in a septic or trauma patient? a. Plasma iron levels are noted to decrease b. Plasma copper levels are noted to decrease c. Plasma serum zinc levels may decrease d. Administration of iron is appropriate

Description : A number of changes in trace mineral metabolism are noted during sepsis. Which of the following change(s) may be observed in a septic or trauma patient? a. Plasma iron levels are noted to ... are noted to decrease c. Plasma serum zinc levels may decrease d. Administration of iron is appropriate

Last Answer : Answer: a, c Changes in the balance of magnesium, inorganic phosphate, zinc, and potassium generally follow alterations in nitrogen balance. Although the iron-binding capacity of transferrin ... concentrations can be ascribed almost entirely to the levels of the ceruloplasmin produced by the liver

An old male presents complaining of having numerous white lesions in the oral cavity within past few days. Prior to this the family physician prescribed chlorite tetracycline for an upper respiratory infection, the patient is taking this antibiotic for the past two weeks; lesions are relatively non-painful, slightly elevated, adhered plaques on the lip mucosa, buccal mucosa and the tongue. MOST LIKELY to be:

Description : An old male presents complaining of having numerous white lesions in the oral cavity within past  few days. Prior to this the family physician prescribed chlorite tetracycline for an upper  respiratory infection, ... plaques on the lip mucosa, buccal mucosa and  the tongue. MOST LIKELY to be: 

Last Answer : Moniliasis (Which is candidiasis) 

A 19 year-old female is referred following a visit to the dentist where marked erosion of her teeth was noted. She was entirely asymptomatic and her only medication was the oral contraceptive pill. On examination her blood pressure was 110/70 mmHg and her body mass index was 21.5 kg/m2 (18 - 25). Investigations sodium 135 mmol/l potassium 2.1 mmol/l bicarbonate 42 mmol/l urea 2.6 mol/L corrected calcium 2.08 mmol/ alkaline phosphatase 201 iu/l (50-110) What is the most likely diagnosis? 1) Bulimia nervosa 2) Conn's syndrome 3) Laxative abuse 4) Pregnancy 5) Primary hypoparathyroidism

Description : A 19 year-old female is referred following a visit to the dentist where marked erosion of her teeth was noted. She was entirely asymptomatic and her only medication was the oral contraceptive pill ... ) Bulimia nervosa 2) Conn's syndrome 3) Laxative abuse 4) Pregnancy 5) Primary hypoparathyroidism

Last Answer : Answers-5 This patient has tooth erosion associated with hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis and hypocalcaemia. This suggests a diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. Conn's is unlikely in this age group, is ... raised alkaline phosphatase would not be expected. Early pregnancy would not fit this picture.

The most useful test for the diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis during the first few days is (A) Urinary lipase test (B) Serum calcium (C) Urinary amylase (D) Serum amylase

Description : The most useful test for the diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis during the first few days is (A) Urinary lipase test (B) Serum calcium (C) Urinary amylase (D) Serum amylase

Last Answer : Answer : D

What is the major indication for doing an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?

Description : What is the major indication for doing an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)? 

Last Answer : Patient has symptoms suggestive of diabetes mellitus, but fasting blood sugar value is inconclusive (between 100 and 126 mg/dl).

A 37 years-old patient presents with paroxysmal pain on the left eye that he thinks is related to his maxillary posterior teeth. The pain comes in recurrent bursts and is aggravated by stress and alcohol. Oral exam is negative. The probable diagnosis is: A. Migraine B. Cluster headache C. Trigeminal neuralgia D. Temporal neuritis

Description : A 37 years-old patient presents with paroxysmal pain on the left eye that he thinks is related to his maxillary posterior teeth. The pain comes in recurrent bursts and is aggravated by stress and ... diagnosis is: A. Migraine B. Cluster headache C. Trigeminal neuralgia D. Temporal neuritis

Last Answer : B. Cluster headache

A patient presents with long time history of knee pain suggestive of osteoarthritis. Now he complains of unilateral lower limb swelling and on examination there is +ve pedal & tibial pitting edema. What is the next appropriate investigation? a. CXR b. ECG c. Echocardiography d. Duplex ultrasound of lower limb

Description : A patient presents with long time history of knee pain suggestive of osteoarthritis. Now he complains of unilateral lower limb swelling and on examination there is +ve pedal & tibial pitting edema ... appropriate investigation? a. CXR b. ECG c. Echocardiography d. Duplex ultrasound of lower limb

Last Answer : d. Duplex ultrasound of lower limb

A test to evaluate detoxifying function of liver is (A) Serum albumin: globulin ratio (B) Galactose tolerance test (C) Hippuric acid test (D) Prothrombin time

Description : A test to evaluate detoxifying function of liver is (A) Serum albumin: globulin ratio (B) Galactose tolerance test (C) Hippuric acid test (D) Prothrombin time

Last Answer : Answer : C

An 11 year old girl presents with the following complaints (1) Difficulty in climbing upstairs and combing her hair (2) Maculopapular rash over MCP joints (3) Gower's sign Positive. The most appropriate investigation to be advised is Options: 1) ESR 2) Creatine Kinase 3) RA Factor 4) ANA antibodies test

Description : An 11 year old girl presents with the following complaints (1) Difficulty in climbing upstairs and combing her hair (2) Maculopapular rash over MCP joints (3) Gower's sign Positive. The most appropriate ... advised is Options: 1) ESR 2) Creatine Kinase 3) RA Factor 4) ANA antibodies test

Last Answer : Correct Answer: 2) Creatine Kinase

The best test for acute pancreatitis in the presence of mumps is (A) A serological test for mumps (B) Serum amylase (C) Urinary amylase (D) Serum lipase

Description : The best test for acute pancreatitis in the presence of mumps is (A) A serological test for mumps (B) Serum amylase (C) Urinary amylase (D) Serum lipase

Last Answer : Answer : D

12 years old child presents with symptoms of widespread gingivitis with bleeding and general malaise for several weeks. How would you manage this patient? M07 ********* A. Prescribe Metronidazole 100mg B. Locally debride, give oral hygiene instruction and prescribe H2O2 mouth wash. C. Give a prophylaxis with ultra sonic scaling D. Refer for haematological screening

Description : 12 years old child presents with symptoms of widespread gingivitis with bleeding and general malaise for several weeks. How would you manage this patient? M07 ********* A. Prescribe ... mouth wash. C. Give a prophylaxis with ultra sonic scaling D. Refer for haematological screening

Last Answer : D. Refer for haematological screening

A 73-year-old man presents with an abrupt onset of double vision and left leg weakness. Examination shows weakness of abduction of the right eye, right-sided facial weakness affecting upper and lower parts of the face. He also has a left hemiparesis. Where is the lesion? A. left frontal lobe B. left lateral medulla C. right corpus striatum D. right midbrain E. right pons

Description : A 73-year-old man presents with an abrupt onset of double vision and left leg weakness. Examination shows weakness of abduction of the right eye, right-sided facial weakness affecting upper and lower ... frontal lobe B. left lateral medulla C. right corpus striatum D. right midbrain E. right pons

Last Answer : Ans: E

Captopril produces greater fall in blood pressure in: A. Diuretic treated patients B. Patients having low plasma renin activity C. Sodium replete normotensive individuals D. Untreated CHF patient

Description : Captopril produces greater fall in blood pressure in: A. Diuretic treated patients B. Patients having low plasma renin activity C. Sodium replete normotensive individuals D. Untreated CHF patient

Last Answer : A. Diuretic treated patients

A 67-year-old male with advanced cholangiocarcinoma develops gram-negative sepsis. Excessive bleeding is noted around vascular catheters and from needle puncture sites. The diagnosis of disseminated intervascular coagulation (DIC) is considered. Which of the following laboratory test(s) is/are indicative of DIC? a. Decreased platelet count b. Decreased fibrinogen level c. Normal prothrombin time d. Elevated fibrin split products

Description : A 67-year-old male with advanced cholangiocarcinoma develops gram-negative sepsis. Excessive bleeding is noted around vascular catheters and from needle puncture sites. The diagnosis of disseminated ... b. Decreased fibrinogen level c. Normal prothrombin time d. Elevated fibrin split products

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, d Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is the primary form of acute thrombosis. Causes of this syndrome include abruptio placenta, gram-positive and gram-negative sepsis, ... decline in the platelet count and fibrinogen level, along with an elevation of fibrin split products

A 55-year-old male undergoes a total abdominal colectomy. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the hormonal response to the surgical procedure? a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland b. ACTH stimulation results in elevation of serum cortisol levels for up to a week after the operation c. An increased secretion of aldosterone and ADH may contribute to postoperative fluid retention d. An increase in serum insulin and a fall in glucagon accelerate hepatic glucose production and maintain gluconeogenesis

Description : A 55-year-old male undergoes a total abdominal colectomy. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the hormonal response to the surgical procedure? a. Adrenocorticotropic ... in serum insulin and a fall in glucagon accelerate hepatic glucose production and maintain gluconeogenesis

Last Answer : Answer: a, c One of the earliest consequence of a surgical procedure is the rise in levels of circulating cortisol that occur in response to a sudden outpouring of ACTH ... hepatic glucose production, and, with other hormones (epinephrine and glucocorticoids), gluconeogenesis is maintained

Which enzyme is present in all members of the animal kingdom except Protozoa? (1) Insulin (2) Pepsin (3) Renin (4) Amylase

Description : Which enzyme is present in all members of the animal kingdom except Protozoa? (1) Insulin (2) Pepsin (3) Renin (4) Amylase

Last Answer : (4) Amylase Explanation: Digestion in Protozoa is carried on by several enzymes such as peptidase, proteinase, lipase, etc. For example, Insulin has important role in the glucose uptake of protozoa. ... is due to the absence of amylase that protozoa such as amoeba cannot digest fats and starch.

Which enzyme is present in all members of the animal kingdom except Protozoa? (1) Insulin (2) Pepsin (3) Renin (4) Amylase

Description : Which enzyme is present in all members of the animal kingdom except Protozoa? (1) Insulin (2) Pepsin (3) Renin (4) Amylase

Last Answer : (4) Amylase Explanation: Protozoa lack amylase which is required for the digestion of facts and starch.

The enzyme that is present in the saliva of man is - (1) Pepsin (2) Renin (3) Amylase (4) Trypsin

Description : The enzyme that is present in the saliva of man is - (1) Pepsin (2) Renin (3) Amylase (4) Trypsin

Last Answer : (3) Amylase Explanation: Amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars. Amylase is present in human saliva, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods ... bacteria also produce amylase. As diastase, amylase was the first enzyme to be discovered and isolated.

J. B. Sumner isolated first enzyme from Jackbeans as- (1) amylase (2) trypsin (3) urease (4) renin

Description : J. B. Sumner isolated first enzyme from Jackbeans as- (1) amylase (2) trypsin (3) urease (4) renin

Last Answer : (3) urease Explanation: James Batcheller Sumner (November 19, 1887 – August 12, 1955) was an American chemist. He discovered that enzymes can be crystallized.

Which enzyme is present in all members of the animal kingdom except Protozoa? (1) Insulin (2) Pepsin (3) Renin (4) Amylase

Description : Which enzyme is present in all members of the animal kingdom except Protozoa? (1) Insulin (2) Pepsin (3) Renin (4) Amylase

Last Answer : Amylase

The enzyme that is present in the saliva of man is (1) Pepsin (2) Renin (3) Amylase (4) Trypsin

Description : The enzyme that is present in the saliva of man is (1) Pepsin (2) Renin (3) Amylase (4) Trypsin

Last Answer : Amylase

A patient presents complaining of a stomach upset 48 hours after starting a course of antibiotic for oral infection, this is an example of, A. Type I allergic reaction B. Nervous disorder C. Side effect of the drug D. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction E. Pyloric stenosis

Description : A patient presents complaining of a stomach upset 48 hours after starting a course of antibiotic for oral infection, this is an example of, A. Type I allergic reaction B. Nervous disorder C. Side effect of the drug D. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction E. Pyloric stenosis

Last Answer : C. Side effect of the drug

Lymphocytes are responsible for the formation of (A) Serum (B) Plasma (C) Antibody (D) Calcium

Description : Lymphocytes are responsible for the formation of (A) Serum (B) Plasma (C) Antibody (D) Calcium

Last Answer : Answer : C

A patient presented with abdominal pain and frequent unsatisfactory bowel movement. For the last one year he has been using a purgative twice weekly to open his bowel. On colonoscopy the colon was found to be atonic with bluish pigmentation of the mucosa. Which is the most likely purgative that the patient has been using: A. Liquid paraffin B. Ispaghula C. Senna D. Lactulose

Description : A patient presented with abdominal pain and frequent unsatisfactory bowel movement. For the last one year he has been using a purgative twice weekly to open his bowel. On colonoscopy the colon was found to ... that the patient has been using: A. Liquid paraffin B. Ispaghula C. Senna D. Lactulose

Last Answer : C. Senna

Hypomagnesaemia may be caused by which of the following drugs? 1) Aminophylline 2) Cisplatin 3) Co-trimoxazole 4) Digoxin 5) Amitriptyline

Description : Hypomagnesaemia may be caused by which of the following drugs? 1) Aminophylline 2) Cisplatin 3) Co-trimoxazole 4) Digoxin 5) Amitriptyline

Last Answer : Answers-2 Thiazide diuretics (not mentioned here) are a common cause of reduced serum magnesium. Cisplatin is a well recognised cause of hypomagnesaemia.

In acute pancreatitis, the enzyme raised in first five days is (A) Serum amylase (B) Serum lactic dehydrogenase (C) Urinary lipase (D) Urinary amylase

Description : In acute pancreatitis, the enzyme raised in first five days is (A) Serum amylase (B) Serum lactic dehydrogenase (C) Urinary lipase (D) Urinary amylase

Last Answer : Answer : A

Maximum rise in serum amylase occurs in (A) Acute parotitis (B) Acute pancreatitis (C) Chronic pancreatitis (D) Pancreatic cancer

Description : Maximum rise in serum amylase occurs in (A) Acute parotitis (B) Acute pancreatitis (C) Chronic pancreatitis (D) Pancreatic cancer

Last Answer : Answer : B

Serum amylase is increased in (A) Acute parotitis (B) Acute pancreatitis (C) Pancreatic cancer (D) All of these

Description : Serum amylase is increased in (A) Acute parotitis (B) Acute pancreatitis (C) Pancreatic cancer (D) All of these

Last Answer : Answer : B

Metabolic actions of estrogens tend to cause the following except: A. Anabolism B. Impaired glucose tolerance C. Rise in plasma LDL-cholesterol D. Salt and water retention

Description : Metabolic actions of estrogens tend to cause the following except: A. Anabolism B. Impaired glucose tolerance C. Rise in plasma LDL-cholesterol D. Salt and water retention

Last Answer : C. Rise in plasma LDL-cholesterol

Antithrombin III deficiency is a commonly observed hypercoaguable state. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning this condition? a. A patient with this deficiency usually presents with thrombosis while on heparin or exhibits an inability to become adequately anticoagulated with heparin b. This deficiency may be either congenital or acquired c. Thrombotic episodes are related to predisposing events such as operations, childbirth, and infections d. Treatment involves acutely the administration of fresh frozen plasma followed by long-term treatment with Coumadin

Description : Antithrombin III deficiency is a commonly observed hypercoaguable state. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning this condition? a. A patient with this deficiency usually ... involves acutely the administration of fresh frozen plasma followed by long-term treatment with Coumadin

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c, d Antithrombin III deficiency accounts for about 2% of venous thrombotic event. This deficiency has been described in patients with pulmonary embolism, mesenteric venous ... is established, fresh frozen plasma should be administered followed by long-term treatment with Coumadin

Impaired galactose tolerance test suggests (A) Defect in glucose utilisation (B) Liver cell injury (C) Renal defect (D) Muscle injury

Description : Impaired galactose tolerance test suggests (A) Defect in glucose utilisation (B) Liver cell injury (C) Renal defect (D) Muscle injury

Last Answer : Answer : B

You are required to draw blood from a patient and to keep it in a test tube for analysis of blood corpuscles and plasma. You are also provided with the following four types of test tubes. Which of these you will not use for the purpose? (a) Test tube containing calcium bicarbonate (b) Chilled test tube (c) Test tube containing heparin (d) Test tube containing sodium oxalate

Description : You are required to draw blood from a patient and to keep it in a test tube for analysis of blood corpuscles and plasma. You are also provided with the following four types of test tubes ... bicarbonate (b) Chilled test tube (c) Test tube containing heparin (d) Test tube containing sodium oxalate

Last Answer : (a) Test tube containing calcium bicarbonate

One of the symptoms of low serum potassium concentration includes (A) Muscle weakness (B) Confusion (C) Numbness (D) Tingling of extremities WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE 283

Description : One of the symptoms of low serum potassium concentration includes (A) Muscle weakness (B) Confusion (C) Numbness (D) Tingling of extremities WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE 283

Last Answer : Answer : A

Which one of the following is a feature of the VIPoma syndrome? 1) Alkalosis 2) Hypoglycaemia 3) Hypokalaemia 4) Increased gastric acid seceretion 5) Provocation of VIP release by somatostatin

Description : Which one of the following is a feature of the VIPoma syndrome? 1) Alkalosis 2) Hypoglycaemia 3) Hypokalaemia 4) Increased gastric acid seceretion 5) Provocation of VIP release by somatostatin

Last Answer : Answers-3 a, b,d,e: All opposite to what is expected. VIPOMA -Features vasoactive intestinal polypeptide secreting tumour, mainly pancreas rarely ganglioneuroblatoma (sympathetic ... -peripheral vasodilation - inhibits gastric acid secretion -potentiates acetylcholine action on salivary glands

Secretion of mineralcorticoids is increased by (A) ACTH (B) Angiotensin (C) Hypokalaemia (D) Hypernatraemia

Description : Secretion of mineralcorticoids is increased by (A) ACTH (B) Angiotensin (C) Hypokalaemia (D) Hypernatraemia

Last Answer : Answer : B

A 20 yr. old female patient presents with pain in thyroid region of the neck since few days. She gives recent history of mumps. On palpation thyroid is tender and her thyroid function test reveals raised levels of T3, T4 and low TSH. Iodine uptake is also low. Probable diagnosis in this case is:

Description : Which of the following is the most common cause of Hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient area? Options: 1) Iatrogenic hypothyroidism 2) Post-partum thyroiditis 3) Autoimmune thyroiditis 4) Thyroid aplasia

Last Answer : Correct Answer: 3) Autoimmune thyroiditis

A 20 yr. old female patient presents with pain in thyroid region of the neck since few days. She gives recent history of mumps. On palpation thyroid is tender and her thyroid function test reveals raised levels of T3, T4 and low TSH. Iodine uptake is also low. Probable diagnosis in this case is:1) de Quervain’s thyroiditis 2) Silent thyroiditis 3) Primary thyrotoxicosis 4) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Description : A 20 yr. old female patient presents with pain in thyroid region of the neck since few days. She gives recent history of mumps. On palpation thyroid is tender and her thyroid function ... 1) de Quervain's thyroiditis 2) Silent thyroiditis 3) Primary thyrotoxicosis 4) Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Last Answer : Correct Answer: 1) de Quervain’s thyroiditis

Serum biochemistry of a 60 year old man revealed calcium of 1.98 mmol/l and phosphate of 0.55 mmol/l with an alkaline phosphatase of 450 IU/l.Which among the following mosts suits with the above serum biochemistry? 1) Osteoporosis 2) Osteomalacia 3) Pagets Disease 4) Secondary Hyperparathyroidism 5) Renal failure

Description : Serum biochemistry of a 60 year old man revealed calcium of 1.98 mmol/l and phosphate of 0.55 mmol/l with an alkaline phosphatase of 450 IU/l.Which among the following mosts suits ... biochemistry? 1) Osteoporosis 2) Osteomalacia 3) Pagets Disease 4) Secondary Hyperparathyroidism 5) Renal failure

Last Answer : Answers-2 Osteomalacia is associated with low calcium and phosphate with raised alkaline phosphatase. Serum biochemistry is normal in osteoporosis. Pagets disease is associated with normal ... renal failure when tertiary hyperparathyroidism sets in there is low calcium with raised phosphate.

An example of functional plasma enzyme is (A) Lipoprotein lipase (B) Amylase (C) Aminotransferase (D) Lactate dehydrogenase

Description : An example of functional plasma enzyme is (A) Lipoprotein lipase (B) Amylase (C) Aminotransferase (D) Lactate dehydrogenase

Last Answer : Answer : A

Answer: a, b, c, d Free oxygen radicals are chemical species that are intermediates in the normal process of cellular respiration. Oxidants that are free radicals have been implicated as initiators of reactions which lead to a variety of cellular injuries. Oxidants are derived from several sources, notably phagocytes. Among the effects of oxygen free radicals are membrane lipid peroxidation, DNA strand breaks, cytoskeletal disassembly and inhibition of glucose metabolism leading to decreased cellular ATP concentrations. (Figure 6-16) 187 Which of the following acute-phase protein levels are increased in human plasma following acute inflammation? a. C-reactive protein b. Serum amyloid c. a -Proteinase inhibitor d. Fibrinogen e. Albumin

Description : Answer: a, b, c, d Free oxygen radicals are chemical species that are intermediates in the normal process of cellular respiration. Oxidants that are free radicals have been implicated as initiators of ... a. C-reactive protein b. Serum amyloid c. a -Proteinase inhibitor d. Fibrinogen e. Albumin

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c, d The acute-phase response is a series of homeostatic responses of the organism to tissue injury in infection and inflammation. After an inflammatory stimulus occurs, a number ... 30% to 50% of the level before injury. The reason for the decrease in production is poorly understood

Serum if blood plasma minus its? A. Calcium ions B. Clotting proteins (Answer) C. Globulins D. none

Description : Serum if blood plasma minus its? A. Calcium ions B. Clotting proteins (Answer) C. Globulins D. none

Last Answer : B. Clotting proteins (Answer)