At the pH of blood 7.4, the ratio between the carbonic acid and bicarbonate fractions is (A) 1 : 10 (B) 1 : 20 (C) 1 : 30 (D) 1 : 40

At the pH of blood 7.4, the ratio between the carbonic acid and bicarbonate fractions is (A) 1 : 10 (B) 1 : 20 (C) 1 : 30 (D) 1 : 40
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At pH 7.4, the ratio of bicarbonate : dissolved CO2 is (A) 1 : 1 (B) 10 : 1 (C) 20 : 1 (D) 40 : 1

Description : At pH 7.4, the ratio of bicarbonate : dissolved CO2 is (A) 1 : 1 (B) 10 : 1 (C) 20 : 1 (D) 40 : 1

Last Answer : Answer : C

Which of the following statements about respiratory acidosis are true? A. Compensation occurs by a shift of chloride out of the red blood cells. B. Renal compensation occurs rapidly. C. Retention of bicarbonate and increased ammonia formation are normal compensatory mechanisms. D. Narcotic administration is an unusual cause of respiratory acidosis. E. The ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid is less than 20:1.

Description : Which of the following statements about respiratory acidosis are true? A. Compensation occurs by a shift of chloride out of the red blood cells. B. Renal compensation occurs rapidly. C. Retention of ... of respiratory acidosis. E. The ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid is less than 20:1.

Last Answer : Answer: CE DISCUSSION: Renal compensation for acute hypoventilation is relatively slow. Depression of the respiratory center by morphine can lead to respiratory acidosis. Renal retention of bicarbonate, ... into red cells combine to increase the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid to 20:1

Quantitatively, the most significant buffer system in plasma is (A) Phosphate buffer system (B) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system (C) Lactic acid-lactate buffer system (D) Protein buffer system

Description : Quantitatively, the most significant buffer system in plasma is (A) Phosphate buffer system (B) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system (C) Lactic acid-lactate buffer system (D) Protein buffer system

Last Answer : Answer : B

Chloride shift is (A) H ions leaving the RBC in exchange of Cl- (B) Cl– leaving the RBC in exchange of bicarbonate (C) Bicarbonate ion returns to plasma and exchanged with chloride which shifts into the cell (D) Carbonic acid to the plasma

Description : Chloride shift is (A) H ions leaving the RBC in exchange of Cl- (B) Cl– leaving the RBC in exchange of bicarbonate (C) Bicarbonate ion returns to plasma and exchanged with chloride which shifts into the cell (D) Carbonic acid to the plasma

Last Answer : Answer : C

Important buffer system of extracellular fluid is (A) Bicarbonate/carbonic acid (B) Disodium hydrogen phosphate/sodium dihydrogen phosphate (C) Plasma proteins (D) Organic Phosphate

Description : Important buffer system of extracellular fluid is (A) Bicarbonate/carbonic acid (B) Disodium hydrogen phosphate/sodium dihydrogen phosphate (C) Plasma proteins (D) Organic Phosphate

Last Answer : Answer : A

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by (A) An increase in carbonic acid fraction (B) A decrease in bicarbonic fraction (C) A decrease in the carbonic acid fraction (D) An increase in bicarbonate fraction

Description : Respiratory alkalosis is caused by (A) An increase in carbonic acid fraction (B) A decrease in bicarbonic fraction (C) A decrease in the carbonic acid fraction (D) An increase in bicarbonate fraction

Last Answer : Answer : C

Respiratory acidosis is caused by (A) Increase in carbonic acid relative to bicarbonate (B) Decrease in bicarbonate fraction (C) Increase in bicarbonate fraction (E) Decrease in the carbonic acid fraction

Description : Respiratory acidosis is caused by (A) Increase in carbonic acid relative to bicarbonate (B) Decrease in bicarbonate fraction (C) Increase in bicarbonate fraction (E) Decrease in the carbonic acid fraction

Last Answer : Answer : A

The carbon dioxide is transported via blood to lungs mostly (a) in combination with haemoglobin only (b) dissolved in blood plasma (c) in the form of bicarbonate ions (d) as carbamino-haemoglobin and as carbonic acid.

Description : The carbon dioxide is transported via blood to lungs mostly (a) in combination with haemoglobin only (b) dissolved in blood plasma (c) in the form of bicarbonate ions (d) as carbamino-haemoglobin and as carbonic acid.

Last Answer : (c) in the form of bicarbonate ions

The pH of blood is about 7.4 when the ratio between (NaHCO3) and (H2CO3) is (A) 10 : 1 (B) 20 : 1 (C) 25 : 1 (D) 30 : 1

Description : The pH of blood is about 7.4 when the ratio between (NaHCO3) and (H2CO3) is (A) 10 : 1 (B) 20 : 1 (C) 25 : 1 (D) 30 : 1

Last Answer : Answer : B

The pH of blood is 7.4 when the ratio between H2CO3 and NaHCO3 is (A) 1 : 10 (B) 1 : 20 (C) 1 : 25 (C) 1 : 30

Description : The pH of blood is 7.4 when the ratio between H2CO3 and NaHCO3 is (A) 1 : 10 (B) 1 : 20 (C) 1 : 25 (C) 1 : 30

Last Answer : B

A young child presents with respiratory distress, worsening over 2 days. Blood gases show a pH of 7.25, a PCO2 of 7.5kPa, a PO2 of 8.5kPa, and a base excess of -4. Which of the following interpretations is correct? 1) Results are consistent with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. 2) Blood gases suggest type 1 respiratory failure. 3) Immediate intubation is required. 4) Results are consistent with late severe asthma. 5) Bicarbonate may be necessary to correct the acidosis.

Description : A young child presents with respiratory distress, worsening over 2 days. Blood gases show a pH of 7.25, a PCO2 of 7.5kPa, a PO2 of 8.5kPa, and a base excess of -4. Which of the ... required. 4) Results are consistent with late severe asthma. 5) Bicarbonate may be necessary to correct the acidosis.

Last Answer : Answers-4 In interpreting blood gas results, the following sequence may be useful: Inspect the pH: Is it low, normal or high? Inspect the CO2: Is it low, normal or high? Inspect the PO2: Is ... excess and normal pH. Bicarbonate is usually only considered if the base deficit exceeds about -8 or 00.

The acid which fails to liberate carbon dioxide from sodium bicarbonate is : (1) Acetic acid (2) Formic acid (3) Carbonic acid (4) Sulphuric acid

Description : The acid which fails to liberate carbon dioxide from sodium bicarbonate is : (1) Acetic acid (2) Formic acid (3) Carbonic acid (4) Sulphuric acid

Last Answer : (4) Sulphuric acid Explanation: Sodium bicarbonate and organic acid (Formic acid, Acetic acid, Carbonic acid, etc) react vigorously to liberate carbon dioxide. For example, Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) when treated with acetic acid reacts vigorously to liberate carbon dioxide.

The acid which fails to liberate carbon dioxide from sodium bicarbonate is : (1) Acetic acid (2) Formic acid (3) Carbonic acid (4) Sulphuric acid

Description : The acid which fails to liberate carbon dioxide from sodium bicarbonate is : (1) Acetic acid (2) Formic acid (3) Carbonic acid (4) Sulphuric acid

Last Answer : Sulphuric acid

With regard to the transport of carbon dioxide in blood: a. 25% of carbon dioxide is dissolved in blood b. carbonic anhydrase is found in plasma c. 50% of carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate d. deoxygenated haemoglobin facilitates the transport of carbon dioxide

Description : With regard to the transport of carbon dioxide in blood: a. 25% of carbon dioxide is dissolved in blood b. carbonic anhydrase is found in plasma c. 50% of carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate d. deoxygenated haemoglobin facilitates the transport of carbon dioxide

Last Answer : deoxygenated haemoglobin facilitates the transport of carbon dioxide

The pH of blood is 7.4 when the ratio between H2CO3 and NaHCO3 is (A) 1 : 10 (B) 1 : 20 (C) 1 : 25 (C) 1 : 30

Description : The pH of blood is 7.4 when the ratio between H2CO3 and NaHCO3 is (A) 1 : 10 (B) 1 : 20 (C) 1 : 25 (C) 1 : 30

Last Answer : (B) 1 : 20

A 45-year-old solicitor had an onset of severe, crushing, substernal chest pain while attending a football match. He collapsed on his way to the car. Bystander Cardiorespiratory Resuscitation was begun immediately and continued until arrival in Casualty where an endotracheal tube was inserted and ventilation was maintained on 100% oxygen. Investigations revealed: pH 7.13 PaO2 560 mmHg PaCO2 18 mmHg Bicarbonate 5.8 SaO2 98% Based on these laboratory values, which of the following statements best describes his current pathophysiology? 1) He is demonstrating a primary respiratory alkalosis 2) He probably developed a large right to left intracardiac shunt 3) His anion gap is probably normal 4) His oxyhemoglobin curve is shifted to the left 5) His pulmonary artery pressure is probably elevated

Description : A 45-year-old solicitor had an onset of severe, crushing, substernal chest pain while attending a football match. He collapsed on his way to the car. Bystander Cardiorespiratory Resuscitation ... His oxyhemoglobin curve is shifted to the left 5) His pulmonary artery pressure is probably elevated

Last Answer : Answers-5 This young patient with severe central chest pain has probably arrested due to myocardial infarction and arrhythmia. His gases reveal high PO2 following 100% O2 but severe acidosis ... no left to right shunting and high pulmonary pressures would be expected after this arrest scenario.

Which of the following features are present in blood chemistry in uncompensated metabolic alkalosis except? (A) Increased pH (B) Increased bicarbonate (C) Normal chloride (D) Normal pCO2

Description : Which of the following features are present in blood chemistry in uncompensated metabolic alkalosis except? (A) Increased pH (B) Increased bicarbonate (C) Normal chloride (D) Normal pCO2

Last Answer : Answer : D

All the following changes in blood chemistry can occur in severe diarrhoea except (A) Decreased pH (B) Decreased bicarbonate (C) Increased pCO2 (D) Increased chloride WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE 287

Description : All the following changes in blood chemistry can occur in severe diarrhoea except (A) Decreased pH (B) Decreased bicarbonate (C) Increased pCO2 (D) Increased chloride WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE 287

Last Answer : Answer : C

All the following features are found in blood chemistry in uncompensated lactic acidosis except (A) pH is decreased (B) Bicarbonate is decreased (C) pCO2 is normal (D) Anion gap is normal

Description : All the following features are found in blood chemistry in uncompensated lactic acidosis except (A) pH is decreased (B) Bicarbonate is decreased (C) pCO2 is normal (D) Anion gap is normal

Last Answer : Answer : D

In a solution containing phosphate buffer, the pH will be 7.4, if the ratio of monohydrogen phosphate : dihydrogen phosphate is (A) 4 : 1 (B) 5 : 1 (C) 10 : 1 (D) 20 : 1

Description : In a solution containing phosphate buffer, the pH will be 7.4, if the ratio of monohydrogen phosphate : dihydrogen phosphate is (A) 4 : 1 (B) 5 : 1 (C) 10 : 1 (D) 20 : 1

Last Answer : Answer : A

The primary event in respiratory alkalosis is (A) Rise in pH (B) Decrease in pCO2 (C) Increase in plasma bicarbonate (D) Decrease in plasma chloride

Description : The primary event in respiratory alkalosis is (A) Rise in pH (B) Decrease in pCO2 (C) Increase in plasma bicarbonate (D) Decrease in plasma chloride

Last Answer : Answer : B

The initial event in respiratory acidosis is (A) Decrease in pH (B) Increase in pCO2 (C) Increase in plasma bicarbonate (D) Decrease in plasma bicarbonate

Description : The initial event in respiratory acidosis is (A) Decrease in pH (B) Increase in pCO2 (C) Increase in plasma bicarbonate (D) Decrease in plasma bicarbonate

Last Answer : Answer : B

The normal concentration of bicarbonate in blood is (A) 21 meq/L (B) 24 meq/L (C) 26 meq/L (D) 30 meq/L

Description : The normal concentration of bicarbonate in blood is (A) 21 meq/L (B) 24 meq/L (C) 26 meq/L (D) 30 meq/L

Last Answer : Answer : C

If the body undergoes alkalosis the respiratory center located in the medulla gets the information and induces the lowering of the respiratory frequency. The reduction of the respiratory frequency makes the body retain more carbon dioxide and to shift the equilibrium of the formation of bicarbonate towards the production of more hydrogen ions and thus the blood pH lowers.

Description : If the body undergoes alkalosis the respiratory center located in the medulla gets the information and induces the lowering of the respiratory frequency. The reduction of the respiratory frequency makes ... of bicarbonate towards the production of more hydrogen ions and thus the blood pH lowers.

Last Answer : What is the difference between respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis and what is the difference between respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis?

If the body experiences acidosis the respiratory center located in the medulla gets the information and induces the increase of the respiratory frequency. The increment of the respiratory frequency makes the body eliminate more carbon dioxide and to shift the equilibrium of the formation of bicarbonate towards the spending of more hydrogen ions and thus the blood pH raises.

Description : If the body experiences acidosis the respiratory center located in the medulla gets the information and induces the increase of the respiratory frequency. The increment of the respiratory frequency makes the ... of bicarbonate towards the spending of more hydrogen ions and thus the blood pH raises.

Last Answer : How does the breathing process correct alkalosis?

Reduction in pH of blood will (a) decrease the affinity of haemoglobin with oxygen (b) release bicarbonate ions by the liver (c) reduce the rate of heartbeat (d) reduce the blood supply to the brain.

Description : Reduction in pH of blood will (a) decrease the affinity of haemoglobin with oxygen (b) release bicarbonate ions by the liver (c) reduce the rate of heartbeat (d) reduce the blood supply to the brain.

Last Answer : (a) decrease the affinity of haemoglobin with oxygen

All of the following are zinc-containing enzymes except (A) Acid Phosphatase (B) Alkaline Phosphatase (C) Carbonic anhydrase (D) RNA polymerase

Description : All of the following are zinc-containing enzymes except (A) Acid Phosphatase (B) Alkaline Phosphatase (C) Carbonic anhydrase (D) RNA polymerase

Last Answer : Answer : A

All the following diuretics inhibit the carbonic anhydrase except (A) Acetazolamide (B) Bumetanide (C) Furosemide (D) Ethacrynic acid

Description : All the following diuretics inhibit the carbonic anhydrase except (A) Acetazolamide (B) Bumetanide (C) Furosemide (D) Ethacrynic acid

Last Answer : Answer : D

Which of the following concerning the pH of urine is correct? 1) is a useful indicator of the acid/base balance of the blood 2) rises on a vegetarian diet 3) is determined by the concentration of ammonium 4) is lower than 5.5 in renal tubular acidosis 5) would be above 7.0 after prolonged and severe vomiting

Description : Which of the following concerning the pH of urine is correct? 1) is a useful indicator of the acid/base balance of the blood 2) rises on a vegetarian diet 3) is determined by the concentration of ... lower than 5.5 in renal tubular acidosis 5) would be above 7.0 after prolonged and severe vomiting

Last Answer : Answers-2 c - excretion of ammonium occurs when an acid urine is produced but the pH of urine is of course determined by the concentration of H+ ions d-unable to lower the pH to ... and distal nephron and this perpetuates the metabolic alkalosis until the fluid balance is restored with IV fluids.

In a solution having a pH of 7.4, the hydrogen ion concentration is (A) 7.4 nmol/L (B) 40 nmol/L (C) 56 nmol/L (D) 80 nmol/L

Description : In a solution having a pH of 7.4, the hydrogen ion concentration is (A) 7.4 nmol/L (B) 40 nmol/L (C) 56 nmol/L (D) 80 nmol/L

Last Answer : Answer : B

Concentration of carbonic acid does not increase in blood due to the presence of

Description : Concentration of carbonic acid does not increase in blood due to the presence of

Last Answer : Concentration of carbonic acid does not increase in blood due to the presence of A. `Na^(+)` B. `Mg^(2+)` C. `Ca^(2+)` D. `K^(+)`

The need to produce concentrated urine is detected in the brain is due to the increase in the concentration of (a) Glucose in the blood (b) K+ in the blood (c) Na+ in the blood (d) Carbonic acid in the blood

Description : The need to produce concentrated urine is detected in the brain is due to the increase in the concentration of (a) Glucose in the blood (b) K+ in the blood (c) Na+ in the blood (d) Carbonic acid in the blood

Last Answer : Ans:(c)

The fractions 7/11, 16/20, 21/22 when arranged in descending order is (1) 7/11,16/20,21/22 (2) 21/22,7/11,16/20 (3) 21/22,16/20,7/11 (4) 7/11,21/22,16/20

Description : The fractions 7/11, 16/20, 21/22 when arranged in descending order is (1) 7/11,16/20,21/22 (2) 21/22,7/11,16/20 (3) 21/22,16/20,7/11 (4) 7/11,21/22,16/20

Last Answer : (3) 21/22,16/20,7/11

What signal-to-noise ratio is required for satisfactory television reception? A. 10 dB B. 30 dB C. 40 dB D. 20 dB

Description : What signal-to-noise ratio is required for satisfactory television reception? A. 10 dB B. 30 dB C. 40 dB D. 20 dB

Last Answer : C. 40 dB

The signal to noise ratio that is required for a satisfactory television reception. A. 30 dB B. 40 dB C. 10 dB D. 20 dB

Description : The signal to noise ratio that is required for a satisfactory television reception. A. 30 dB B. 40 dB C. 10 dB D. 20 dB

Last Answer : B. 40 dB

The slenderness ratio for masonry walls should not be more than (A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 40

Description : The slenderness ratio for masonry walls should not be more than (A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 40

Last Answer : Answer: Option B

The sum of the ages of two persons A and B is 50. 5 years ago, the ratio of their ages was 5/3. The present age of A and B are (A) 30, 20 (B) 35, 15 (C) 38, 12 (D) 40, 10

Description : The sum of the ages of two persons A and B is 50. 5 years ago, the ratio of their ages was 5/3. The present age of A and B are (A) 30, 20 (B) 35, 15 (C) 38, 12 (D) 40, 10

Last Answer : Answer: A

Determine the ratio of the number of people having characteristic X to the number of people having characteristic Y in a population of 100 subjects from the following table People having X and Y are 20 People having X but not Y are 10 People having Y but not X are 30 People having neither X nor Y are 40. a) 3 : 5 b) 3 : 2 c) 1 : 2 d) 2 : 3 e) None of these

Description : Determine the ratio of the number of people having characteristic X to the number of people having characteristic Y in a population of 100 subjects from the following table People having X and Y are 20 People having X but not Y are 10 ... 3 : 5 b) 3 : 2 c) 1 : 2 d) 2 : 3 e) None of these

Last Answer : Answer: A Number of people having characteristic X = 10 + 20 = 30 Number of people having characteristic Y = 20 + 30 = 50 Therefore Required ratio = 30 : 50 = 3 : 5

The percentage of the calcium eliminated in feces is (A) 10–20 (B) 30–40 (C) 50–60 (D) 70–90

Description : The percentage of the calcium eliminated in feces is (A) 10–20 (B) 30–40 (C) 50–60 (D) 70–90

Last Answer : Answer : D

In every cell, the number of tRNA molecules is at least (A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 40

Description : In every cell, the number of tRNA molecules is at least (A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 40

Last Answer : Answer : B

The percent of total iron in body in hemoglobin is (A) 10–20 (B) 20–30 (C) 30–40 (D) 60–70

Description : The percent of total iron in body in hemoglobin is (A) 10–20 (B) 20–30 (C) 30–40 (D) 60–70

Last Answer : Answer : D

The total Glucose in the body is ________ gms. (A) 10–15 (B) 20–30 (C) 40–50 (D) 60–80

Description : The total Glucose in the body is ________ gms. (A) 10–15 (B) 20–30 (C) 40–50 (D) 60–80

Last Answer : B

In amylopectin the intervals of glucose units of each branch is (A) 10–20 (B) 24–30 (C) 30–40 (D) 40–50

Description : In amylopectin the intervals of glucose units of each branch is (A) 10–20 (B) 24–30 (C) 30–40 (D) 40–50

Last Answer : B

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50'. What number is missing? -Riddles

Description : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50'. What number is missing? -Riddles

Last Answer : 22

Alcohol content in freshly prepared natural and fortified **** may be respectively around __________ percent. (A) 7-14 and 14-30 (B) 7-14 and 40-50 (C) 14 - 30 and 40-50 (D) 10 - 20 and 40 - 50

Description : Alcohol content in freshly prepared natural and fortified wine may be respectively around __________ percent. (A) 7-14 and 14-30 (B) 7-14 and 40-50 (C) 14 - 30 and 40-50 (D) 10 - 20 and 40 - 50

Last Answer : (A) 7-14 and 14-30

If the width of a pavement slab is 7.5 m, thickness 20 cm and working stress 1400 kg/cm2 , spacing of 10 mm tie bars for the longitudinal joint, is (A) 10 cm (B) 20 cm (C) 30 cm (D) 40 cm

Description : If the width of a pavement slab is 7.5 m, thickness 20 cm and working stress 1400 kg/cm2 , spacing of 10 mm tie bars for the longitudinal joint, is (A) 10 cm (B) 20 cm (C) 30 cm (D) 40 cm

Last Answer : Answer: Option C

If 20 kg of coarse aggregate is sieved through 80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron and 150 micron standard sieves and the weights retained are 0 kg, 2 kg, 8 kg, 6 kg, 4 kg respectively, the fineness modulus of the aggregate, is (A) 7.30 (B) 7.35 (C) 7.40 (D) 7.45

Description : If 20 kg of coarse aggregate is sieved through 80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron and 150 micron standard sieves and the weights retained are 0 kg, 2 kg, 8 kg, ... , the fineness modulus of the aggregate, is (A) 7.30 (B) 7.35 (C) 7.40 (D) 7.45

Last Answer : Answer: Option C

Blood chemistry shows the following changes in compensated respiratory acidosis: (A) Increased pCO2 (B) Increased bicarbonate (C) Decreased chloride (D) All of these

Description : Blood chemistry shows the following changes in compensated respiratory acidosis: (A) Increased pCO2 (B) Increased bicarbonate (C) Decreased chloride (D) All of these

Last Answer : Answer : D