Last Answer : A design metric is a measure of a implementations features such as cost, size, performance and power.Commonly used design metrics are:1.NRE cost:NRE stands for non recurring engineering cost. ... to check that manufacturing was correct.11.Safety:The probability that the system will not cause harm.
Show More
138 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 23, 2018
by
anonymous

Differentiate general purpose processor, single purpose processor and ASIC with respect to design matrix, with suitable example.
Last Answer : General purpose processorGeneral purpose processor is a Programmable device.General purpose processor used in microprocessor.General purpose processor have general data path with large register ... Examples of application specific processor are embedded microcontroller, network processor and DSP.
Show More
2.6k views
1 answer
asked
Jan 17, 2018
by
anonymous

Explain memory write ability and storage permanence with suitable diagram.
Last Answer : Write ability and storage permanence of memories: Write ability is the manner and speed at which memory can be written. Storage permanence is the ability of memory to hold stored bits ... Holds bits after power is no longer supplied. High end and middle range of storage permanence.
Show More
3.5k views
1 answer
asked
Mar 24, 2018
by
anonymous

What is design technology? Explain top down design process.
Last Answer : Design technology: Design technology is the manner in which we convert our concept desired system into an implementation. The three main design technologies are 1. Compilation/Synthesis ... general purpose processors and A Gate-level Netlist for special-purpose processors.
Show More
168 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 14, 2018
by
anonymous

Last Answer : Various features of Linux that are used in embedded systems are as follows : Linux is multiuser operating system. Linux is open source and free. Linux can be ... Linux supports handling of errors. Real-time Linux supports the group scheduling functions.
Show More
138 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 19, 2018
by
anonymous

Sketch internal design of 4x3 ROM.
Last Answer : The internal design of 4x3 ROM
Show More
779 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 28, 2018
by
anonymous

Describe different RT level computational and sequential components used to design single function processors.
Last Answer : RT-level combinational components:- To reduce the complexity in digital logic, combinational components are used, which are more powerful than logic gates. Such combinational ... during a clock edge. An asynchronous inputs value effects the circuit independent of the clock.
Show More
244 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 21, 2018
by
anonymous

Explain FSM and concurrent process with example.
Last Answer : Finite State Machine (FSM): Finite state machine is a machine which have a transition from state to state. The system have some number of states and at a time the system can ... Y seconds. In sequential execution, the processor executes single task which causes poor processor utilization.
Show More
126 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 17, 2018
by
anonymous

Explain the need to consider following factors in design matrix of embedded system: (i) Processor (ii) Memory (iii) Power (iv) Non- recurring engineering cost.
Last Answer : 1. Processor: Selection of processor depends upon amount of processing power and the register width required. Powerful 8bit, 16 bit, 32 bit & 64bit processors are available. The clock speed ... system is designed any number of units can be manufactured without incurring any additional design cost.
Show More
161 views
1 answer
asked
Jun 20, 2020
by
anonymous

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glass ionomer cements? a. strong in compression but weaker in tension True b. the matrix is formed during the initial set of the cement c. sets via ... for at least 24 hours true d. suitable for use as a core build up material in anterior teeth
Last Answer : d. suitable for use as a core build up material in anterior teeth
Show More
11 views
1 answer
asked
Aug 10, 2021
by
anonymous

77 views
0 answers
asked
Apr 1, 2018
by
anonymous

Explain placement, routing, and sizing.
Last Answer : Placement: The task of placing and orienting every transistor somewhere on IC. Routing: The task of running wires between the transistors without inserting other wires or transistors. ... wires and transistor provide better performance but consume more power and require more silicon area.
Show More
78 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 28, 2018
by
anonymous

Last Answer : Common computation models: Sequential program model Statements, rules for composing statements, semantics for executing them Communicating process model ... Object-oriented model For breaking complex software into simpler, well-defined pieces
Show More
107 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 28, 2018
by
anonymous

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using memory I/O and standard I/O.
Last Answer : Memory mapped I/O and standard I/O are the two methods for communicating microprocessor with peripherals. Processor talks to both memory and peripheral using the same bus.Two ways to talk to a peripheral. ... of standard I/O is no loss of memory addresses to the use as I/O addresses.
Show More
171 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 26, 2018
by
anonymous

Explain parallel and wireless protocols.
Last Answer : Parallel protocols: PCI bus (Peripheral Components Interconnect): PCI stands for Peripheral Components Interconnect. PCI bus is used as a communication line to transmit signals and data ... provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi-Fi brand.
Show More
100 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 26, 2018
by
anonymous

Explain memory hierarchy.
Last Answer : Memory hierarchy: Main memory is large, inexpensive, slow memory stores entire program and data. Cache memory is small, expensive, fast memory stores copy of likely accessed parts of large ... In memory hierarchy the smaller memory is faster and larger memory storage is slower.
Show More
186 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 26, 2018
by
anonymous

Explain the various steps involved in designing a custom single-purpose processor.
Last Answer : A single purpose processor is a digital circuit designed to execute exactly one program. It is also known as co-processor, accelerator or peripheral. It contains only ... for small quantities. Performance may not match general-purpose processors for same applications.
Show More
412 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 21, 2018
by
anonymous

Explain Inter-process Communication (IPC) using mailbox/queue.
Last Answer : Inter-process communication using mailbox: Mailbox is the Interprocess communication mechanism. A process puts a data message for another process in the mailbox. Mailbox is also called as message exchange. ... a message. In mailbox IPC the sender need not to know the name of the receiver.
Show More
140 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 18, 2018
by
anonymous

Explain arbitration. What is priority arbitrator?
Last Answer : Arbitration: IF multiple peripherals are connected to microprocessor or DMA controller or any resource and they request services simultaneously so which peripheral will get serviced first this is ... Peripherals make requests to arbiter and arbiter makes requests to the resource.
Show More
101 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 17, 2018
by
anonymous

Explain data transfer mechanism in I2C protocol. Compare it with CAN and USB protocol based on bit rate and area of applications.
Last Answer : I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit): I2C stands for Inter-Integrated Circuit. I2C is a serial protocol. It was developed by Philips Semiconductor. I2C bus have two communication lines. One is serial data ( ... Mbps this is used for lower speed devices. Using USB we can connect upto 127 devices.
Show More
183 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 3, 2018
by
anonymous

Explain Keypad controller.
Last Answer : Keypad Controller: It's a device which interfaces between the computer and keyboard. That is a input device and used for transfer the data to connected device.
Show More
305 views
2 answers
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous
.jpg)
Last Answer : UART takes parallel data and transmits serially and UART receives serial data and converts to parallel.A simple UART may possess1.Some configuration registers and2.Two independently operating processors, one ... must write data to the transmit register and/or read data from the received register.
Show More
164 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous

Last Answer : A semaphore is called binary semaphore when its value is 0, it is assumed that it has been taken (or accepted) & when its value is 1, it is assumed that it has been released & no ... that are not themselves reentrant.3. A reentrant function may does not use the hardware in a nonatomic way.
Show More
383 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous

What is watchdog timer ? Explain the implementation of time out for ATM with block diagram and program.
Last Answer : A special type of timer is a watchdog timer, which will reset the system after a predefined timeout. Watchdog timer reset timer every X time unit, else timer generates a signal ... be loaded into timereg. This is to prevent erroneous software from unintentionally resetting the watchdog timer.
Show More
3.4k views
1 answer
asked
Jan 22, 2018
by
anonymous

Last Answer : Shared memory :For sharing of data faster and communication between programs, we use shared memory. Shared memory can be used with multiprocessors and single processors. Means Program ... No resource preemption4. Circular waitIf the four conditions occur simultaneously then the deadlock occurs.
Show More
665 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 22, 2018
by
anonymous

Last Answer : The scheduler is very important in Real-Time Operating System (RTOS). Selection of tasks for execution is provided by the scheduler. Which task to execute when it is provided by the ... . Non-preemptive scheduling is simple.Preemptive scheduling is flexible while non-preemptive scheduling is rigid.
Show More
344 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 22, 2018
by
anonymous
.jpg)
Last Answer : There are three different host/target architecture for embedded Linux.Linked setupRemovable storage setupStandalone setup1. Linked setup :In this host/target architecture, the host and ... cross-platform development environment.The target contains bootloader, kernel, and root filesystem.
Show More
90 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 20, 2018
by
anonymous
.jpg)
List and explain the various functions supported by Linux/RTLinux.
Last Answer : Various functions of RTLinux is as follows: Interrupt handling functions
Show More
110 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 19, 2018
by
anonymous

Normally, the FPGA resources are used less than 70% because: a. Routing becomes excessively complicated b. Power issues c. Clock frequency d. Simulation time increases
Last Answer : Normally, the FPGA resources are used less than 70% because: Routing becomes excessively complicated
Show More
320 views
1 answer
asked
May 17, 2018
by
anonymous

83 views
0 answers
asked
Apr 1, 2018
by
anonymous

List and describe three general approaches to improve designer productivity.
Last Answer : Automation: The task of using a computer program to replace manual design effort. The program replaces manual design effort. Synthesis. Reuse: The ... correctness/completeness of each design step. Hardware/software co-simulation.
Show More
109 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 29, 2018
by
anonymous

A single FSM can be converted to two smaller FSM. Justify.
Show More
591 views
0 answers
asked
Mar 28, 2018
by
anonymous

Build using minimum number of CMOS gates. Three input NAND gate. Two input NOR gate Three input NOR gate Two input AND gate Two input OR gate
Last Answer : Three input NAND gate. Two input NOR gate Three input NOR gate Two input AND gate Two input OR gate
Show More
213 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 21, 2018
by
anonymous

If Moor's law continues to hold, predict the approximation number of transistor per leading edge IC in the year. 1.2030 2.2050
Last Answer : If Moor's law continues to hold, predict the approximation number of transistor per leading edge IC in the year.1.20302.2050
Show More
60 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 21, 2018
by
anonymous

Compare the annual growth rate of 1.IC capacity 2.Designer productivity.
Last Answer : Compare the annual growth rate of 1.IC capacity2.Designer productivity.
Show More
99 views
1 answer
asked
Mar 21, 2018
by
anonymous

Compose 1k x 8 ROMS into 8k x 8 ROM.
Last Answer : 1k x 8 ROMS into 8k x 8 ROM:
Show More
1.7k views
1 answer
asked
Mar 15, 2018
by
anonymous

What is Mailbox? Write a note on Mailbox.
Last Answer : Mailbox is used for inter-process communication for sending small messages between tasks or between ISR and task. The Mailbox is used in some Real Time Operating system (RTOS). If the task or ... received by which task or thread is called mailbox client. Mailbox message is a kernel service.
Show More
2.3k views
1 answer
asked
Jan 27, 2018
by
anonymous

Last Answer : The volatile keyword is a part of C standard, and this warns the compiler that ISR might change the value of a variable so that the compiler will not optimize the code in a way that will ... the keyword is not supported, you can still get the similar result by turning off the compiler optimizations.
Show More
110 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 25, 2018
by
anonymous

explain how a stepper motor is controlled using driver. give relevant hardware and software details.
Last Answer : A stepper motor is an electric motor that rotates fix number of degrees whenever we apply a step signal. the stepper motor can rotate 1.8-degree full step or ... driver 2. controlling a stepper motor directly Application of stepper motor: disk driversprintersphotocopyfax machinerobotscamcorder
Show More
131 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 25, 2018
by
anonymous

Last Answer : Liquid Crystal Display:-An LCD is a low-cost, low power device capable of displaying text and images. LCD's are extremely common in embedded systems since such system often does not have video monitors ... toggles the enables bit and acts as a delay so that the command can be processed and executed.
Show More
183 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous

Last Answer : Timers:-A timer is a peripheral device that can measure time intervals. Timers can be used to1. General events at the specific time or to determine the duration of two external events.eg. Keeping a ... the number of times the car wheel rotates in one second, in order to determine cars speed.
Show More
312 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous

Last Answer : Most microprocessors have a nonmaskable interrupt, an input pin that causes an interrupt that cannot be disabled. If an interrupt routine shares any data with the task code, then it is necessary ... by setting the priority level. 3. It allows us to enable and disable individual interrupts.
Show More
124 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous

Last Answer : Interrupt latency is the amount is the amount of time it takes a system to respond to an interrupt.The 4 factors influencing on embedded system response to an interrupt are:1. The longest period of time ... 2 is one of the reasons that it is generally a good idea to write short interrupt routines.
Show More
292 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous

What are counting semaphores and resource semaphore?
Last Answer : If a task tries to take the semaphore when the integer is equal to zero, then the task will block. These semaphores are called counting semaphore. Some system offer semaphore that can be ... , but they cannot be used to communicate between two tasks. Such semaphores are called resource semaphore.
Show More
750 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 24, 2018
by
anonymous

Last Answer : Instruction execution has 5 basic stages:1. Fetch instruction:The task of reading the next instruction from memory into the instruction register.2. Decode instruction:The task of determining what operation ... into an appropriate register.5. Store results:The task of writing a register into memory.
Show More
132 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 23, 2018
by
anonymous

Last Answer : The main characteristics of an embedded system are:1. Single functioned2. Tightly constrained3. Reactive and real time1. Single functioned:An embedded system usually executes a specific program repeatedly.Ex. Pager ... computer user. But it doesn't result in a system failure.Ex. Digital camera chip
Show More
348 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 23, 2018
by
anonymous

Define embedded system.
Last Answer : An embedded system is nearly any computing system other than a desktop computer. Embedded systems are hard to define because they cover such a broad range of electronic devices. It has three main components: 1. Hardware 2. Main application software 3. Real time operating system
Show More
123 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 23, 2018
by
anonymous

Last Answer : notes.txt (18 kb) I added extra knowledge in this file.I also attach my programs. If any doubts ask me. If any doubt on socket please let me know. I know little bit English knowledge. If any spell mistake and grammar error sorry sorry.
Show More
328 views
2 answers
asked
Jan 21, 2018
by
anonymous
.jpg)
Last Answer : Some embedded systems have Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) and some of them not. Real-Time Operating Systems is a platform for building applications for embedded systems, Smaller Software ... they just have application code without RTOS. Every Real-Time Operating Systems have the kernel.
Show More
84 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 20, 2018
by
anonymous
.jpg)
Last Answer : Linux Kernel Architecture
Show More
118 views
1 answer
asked
Jan 20, 2018
by
anonymous
