Define modulation? State the desirable value of modulation index of AM.

Define modulation? State the desirable value of modulation index of AM.
by

1 Answer

Answer :

Modulation: It is the process in which any of these Parameters (Amplitude, Frequency, Phase) of high frequency signal (carrier signal) are varied in accordance with low frequency signal(modulating signal) For an AM, modulation index range is 0 to 1.
by

Related questions

Define modulation index in FM. What is maximum value of deviation ratio.

Description : Define modulation index in FM. What is maximum value of deviation ratio.

Last Answer : Modulation Index of FM: It is defined as the ratio of Frequency Deviation (δ) to the modulating signal frequency (fm). (OR)  

Define modulation index in AM and give its formula.

Description : Define modulation index in AM and give its formula.

Last Answer : In AM wave, the modulation index (m) is defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the modulating signal (Vm ) to the amplitude of carrier signal (Vc). m = Vm / Vc

Give the expression for modulation index for AM and FM.

Description : Give the expression for modulation index for AM and FM.

Last Answer : 1.Modulation index for AM ma=Vm / Vc Where Vm is modulating voltage Vc is the carrier voltage 2.Modulation index for FM mf=δ /fm where δ is the deviation fm is the modulating frequency

Differentiate between AM and FM on the basis of: (i) Definition (ii) Bandwidth (iii) Modulation Index (iv) Application

Description : Differentiate between AM and FM on the basis of: (i) Definition (ii) Bandwidth (iii) Modulation Index (iv) Application

Last Answer : Compare AM and FM on the basis of i)Definition ii)Bandwidth iii) Wave propogation iv)Number of sidebands

Define pulse modulation. State its types.

Description : Define pulse modulation. State its types. 

Last Answer : Pulse Modulation - consists essentially of sampling analog information signals and then converting those samples into discrete pulses. OR It consists essentially of sampling analog information signals and then converting those ... PAM - PWM - PPM  ii) Digital Pulse Modulation - PCM - DM - ADM 

State the need of modulation.

Description : State the need of modulation.

Last Answer : Need of Modulation :- i)Reduction in the height of antenna  ii) Avoids mixing of signal  iii) Increases range of communication.  iv) Multiplexing is possible v) Improve quality of reception.

Explain how modulation reduces height of antenna and avoid mixing of signals.

Description : Explain how modulation reduces height of antenna and avoid mixing of signals.

Last Answer : Modulation reduces antenna height: For the transmission of radio signals, the antenna height must be multiple of λ/4 ,where λ is the wavelength . λ = c /f where c : is the ... will occupy different slots in the frequency domain (different channels). Thus, modulation avoids mixing of signals.

Define selectivity and sensitivity of AM Receiver.

Description : Define selectivity and sensitivity of AM Receiver. 

Last Answer : Selectivity:-It needs to accept signals of the wanted frequency and reject other unwanted frequencies. Sensitivity:-The sensitivity of a radio receiver is its ability to amplify weak signals. It is ... the receiver input terminals to give a standard output power, measured at the output terminals. 

Why should local oscillator frequency be greater than signal frequency in AM receiver? Also explain why IF has constant value?

Description : Why should local oscillator frequency be greater than signal frequency in AM receiver? Also explain why IF has constant value?

Last Answer : Reason for LO frequency to be greater than signal frequency The local oscillator frequency (f0) is made greater than signal frequency (Fs) in radio receiver: Local oscillator frequency range is 995 ... frequency of desired signal because the IF is constant and same for all the incoming RF signal.

State the types of electromagnetic polarization? Define any one of it.

Description : State the types of electromagnetic polarization? Define any one of it.

Last Answer : Transverse electromagnetic wave:- The polarization of a plane EM wave is simply the orientation of the electric field vector with respect to the surface (i.e. looking at the horizon) If ... the field strength varies with change in polarization the wave is said to have an elliptical polarization 

Define pre-emphasis. State its need. Draw the circuit of pre-emphasis.

Description : Define pre-emphasis. State its need. Draw the circuit of pre-emphasis.

Last Answer : Definition- The artificial boosting of higher modulating frequencies to reduce the effect of noise is called as pre-emphasis. Need:- The artificial boosting of higher audio modulating ... by increasing the amplitude of modulating signal at higher frequencies. Circuit diagram 

Define the following terms related to antennas; (i) Antenna resistance (ii) Directivity (iii) Antenna gain (iv) Power density

Description : Define the following terms related to antennas; (i) Antenna resistance (ii) Directivity (iii) Antenna gain (iv) Power density

Last Answer : Antenna Resistance - The resistance of an antenna has two components: 1. Its radiation resistance due to conversion of power into electromagnetic waves 2. The resistance due to actual losses in the ... the transmitter power divided by the surface area of a sphere (4πR2) at that distance.

Define and explain the term beam width related to antenna with a sketch.

Description : Define and explain the term beam width related to antenna with a sketch.

Last Answer : Definition: The beam width of an antenna is described as the angles created by comparing the half power point (3dB) on the main radiation lobe to its maximum power point. As an example the beam width ... max voltage at center of lobe (these point are known as half power points.) Sketch-  

Define critical frequency w.r. to wave propagation.

Description : Define critical frequency w.r. to wave propagation.

Last Answer : Define critical frequency w.r. to wave propagation.

Define VSWR with refernce to standing waves.

Description : Define VSWR with refernce to standing waves.

Last Answer : Voltage Standing Wave Ratio: The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is the ratio of max voltage to min voltage. VSWR= VMAX /VMIN

Define sensitivity with graph.

Description : Define sensitivity with graph.

Last Answer : Define sensitivity with graph.

Define PAM, PWM, and PPM. Draw waveforms.

Description : Define PAM, PWM, and PPM. Draw waveforms.

Last Answer : Pulse amplitude modulation is defined as a process of varying the amplitude of the carrier pulse in accordance to the modulating signal variations. Pulse width modulation is defined as a ... of varying the position of the carrier pulse, in accordance to the modulating signal variations.

Define the transmission line? Draw it‟s general equivalent circuit.

Description : Define the transmission line? Draw it‟s general equivalent circuit.

Last Answer : Transmission line: A conductor or conductors designed to carry electricity or an electrical signal over large distances with minimum losses and distortion.  Equivalent circuit:

Define: 1)Frequency 2)Bandwidth 3)Wavelength 4)Time period

Description : Define: 1)Frequency 2)Bandwidth 3)Wavelength 4)Time period

Last Answer : Frequency: Frequency is the number of cycles per second. Bandwidth: A range of frequencies within a given band, in particular that used for transmitting a signal. Wavelength: Wavelength can be defined as ... for one complete cycle of vibration to pass a given point.  OR Time period=1/frequency

Define stub. Explain single and double stub in brief with neat sketch.

Description : Define stub. Explain single and double stub in brief with neat sketch.

Last Answer : Stub:- Stub is the piece of short circuited transmission line which is used to tune out the reactance of the load when connected across the transmission line as close as possible ... but lengths are independently adjustable. The double stub matching provides wide range of impedance matching. 

Define fading? List the causes.

Description : Define fading? List the causes.

Last Answer : The fluctuation in signal strength at a receiver, which is mainly due to the interference of two waves which left the same source but arrived at the destination by different paths, is known ... , such as irrigation, or from multiple transmission paths, irregular earth surfaces, and varying terrains.

Define electromagnetic wave and polarization.

Description : Define electromagnetic wave and polarization.

Last Answer : Electromagnetic wave:-An electromagnetic wave such as light consists of a coupled oscillating electric field and magnetic field which are always perpendicular; by convention Polarization:-polarization" of electromagnetic waves refers to the direction of the electric field.

Define the term baluns and explain where is it used?

Description : Define the term baluns and explain where is it used?

Last Answer : A type of electrical transformer used to connect an unbalanced circuit to a balanced oneORA balun is a type of transformer: it's used to convert an unbalanced signal to a balanced ... :- In audio applications, baluns convert between high-impedance unbalanced and low impedance balanced lines.

Define the following terms: (i) Polarization (ii) Antenna gain (iii)Antenna resistance (iv)Directivity

Description : Define the following terms: (i) Polarization (ii) Antenna gain (iii)Antenna resistance (iv)Directivity

Last Answer : i) Polarization:- It is defined as the direction of electric field vector in the EM wave radiated by the transmitting antenna. ii) Antenna Gain:- Antenna gain is defined as the ratio of ... in only one direction in which the radiation is maximum. That is directivity = Max. directive gain

Define: (i) Image frequency and (ii) Double spotting

Description : Define: (i) Image frequency and (ii) Double spotting

Last Answer : i)Image frequency:- Image Frequency is defined as the signal frequency plus twice the intermediate frequency. It is denoted as fsi = fs+2fi Where, fs = Signal Frequency fi =intermediate frequency ... It is due to the poor front end selectivity i.e., inadequate image frequency rejection.

Define the terms: 1) Maximum usable frequency 2) Fading

Description : Define the terms: 1) Maximum usable frequency 2) Fading

Last Answer : 1)Maximum usable frequency:- Maximum usable frequency is defined as the limiting frequency ,when the angle of incidence is other than the normal . OR The highest frequency that can be used for sky ... which left the same source but arrived at the destination by different paths is known as fading.

Define standing wave ratio.

Description : Define standing wave ratio. 

Last Answer : Standing wave ratio is defined as the ratio of maximum voltage (Vmax) to minimum voltage (Vmin). Standing wave ratio is also defined as the ratio of maximum current (Imax) to minimum current (Imin).

Define: Base band signal with one example.

Description : Define: Base band signal with one example.

Last Answer : The electrical equivalent of the original information signal is known as the Baseband signal. Example:-The information or the input signal to a communication system can be analog i.e., sound, picture or it can be digital e.g. the computer data.

A super heterodyne AM receiver is tuned to a station operating at 1200 KHz .Find local oscillator frequency and image frequency.

Description : A super heterodyne AM receiver is tuned to a station operating at 1200 KHz .Find local oscillator frequency and image frequency.

Last Answer : A super heterodyne AM receiver is tuned to a station operating at 1200 KHz Intermediate frequency is 455KHz. IF frequency=f0-fs Local oscillator frequency is f0=IF +fs=455K+1200K=1655kHz The image frequency which gives the same IF is f0+2*IF=2110KHz

Explain effect of 'm' on AM with neat waveforms.

Description : Explain effect of 'm' on AM with neat waveforms.

Last Answer : i)m< 1  If m < 1 or if the percentage of modulation is less than 100% the this type of modulation is known as under modulation The amplitude of modulating signal less than carrier ... greater amplitude part of its information is lost in the process of modulation which is undesirable.

Explain the following characteristics of AM radio receiver: (i) Sensitivity (ii) Selectivity.

Description : Explain the following characteristics of AM radio receiver: (i) Sensitivity (ii) Selectivity.

Last Answer : Sensitivity:- The ability to amplify the weak signals is called sensitivity. It is the function of overall receiver gain. Sensitivity of radio receiver is decided by the gain of the RF IF ... perfectly the receiver is able to select the desired carrier frequency and reject other frequencies. 

For AM, fc =500kHz , fm = 5 kHz Determine: (i) Upper and lower sideband frequencies (ii) Bandwidth

Description : For AM, fc =500kHz , fm = 5 kHz Determine: (i) Upper and lower sideband frequencies (ii) Bandwidth

Last Answer : Given data fc = 500KHz , fm = 5KHz USB =fc+fm USB = 500+5  =505 KHz. LSB =fc – fm LSB = 500 – 5  =495 KHz Bandwidth = 2fm .  = 2* 5 =10 KHz

Explain the demodulation of AM signal using diode detector.

Description : Explain the demodulation of AM signal using diode detector.

Last Answer : Simple diode detector:- Explanation:- This is essentially just a half wave rectifier which charges a capacitor to a voltage nearly to the peak voltage of the incoming AM waveform s(t). ... detector output is proportional to the signal strength. Stronger Am signal higher is the dc AGC voltage.

Draw the block diagram of AM transmitter, explain its operation.

Description : Draw the block diagram of AM transmitter, explain its operation.

Last Answer : AM transmitter is of two types i)High Level AM Transmitter ii)Low Level AM Transmitter i) RF crystal oscillator: It is a source of carrier signal of desired frequency. The circuit is ... AM signal is then applied to the transmitting antenna which radiates this AM signal into air or space. 

Draw the structure and state applications of: i) Ferrite loop (rod) antenna ii) Horn antenna

Description : Draw the structure and state applications of: i) Ferrite loop (rod) antenna ii) Horn antenna

Last Answer : Horn antenna: Application:- i) Used at microwave frequency. ii) Used in satellite tracking.  Ferrite loop antenna: Application:- In Am radio receiver to receive MW and SW band signals. In FM radio receiver

State the need of stub. Explain single stub and double stub matching.

Description : State the need of stub. Explain single stub and double stub matching.

Last Answer : Stub:- Stub is the piece of short circuited transmission line which is used to tune out the reactance of the load when connected across the transmission line as close as possible. ... but lengths are independently adjustable. The double stub matching provides wide range of impedance matching.  

State and explain the concept of transmission bandwidth.

Description : State and explain the concept of transmission bandwidth.

Last Answer : Bandwidth is defined as the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal We may also define the bandwidth as the frequency range over which as information signal is transmitted. Bandwidth is the ... to 15 KHZ. Therefore the bandwidth is(f2-f1) BW= f2 - f1= 15000-20=14980Hz

State two disadvantages of TRF receiver over superheterodyne receiver.

Description : State two disadvantages of TRF receiver over superheterodyne receiver.

Last Answer : Disadvantages of TRF Receiver: 1. Instability due to oscillatory nature of RF amplifier. 2. Variation in bandwidth over tuning range. 3. Insufficient selectivity at high frequencies 4. Poor adjacent channel rejection capability 

State the process FM detection? State it‟s any two types.

Description : State the process FM detection? State it‟s any two types.

Last Answer : FM detection: In any radio that is designed to receive frequency modulated signals there is some form of FM demodulator or detector. This circuit takes in frequency modulated RF signals and takes the ... 3. Ratio Detector 4. Phase Discriminator 5. FM Detector using Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

State the IF frequency and bandwidth of FM receiver.

Description : State the IF frequency and bandwidth of FM receiver.

Last Answer : IF for FM receiver: 10.7 MHz. Bandwidth of FM receiver:88MHz to 108 MHz

State the frequency range for audio frequency and voice frequency.

Description : State the frequency range for audio frequency and voice frequency.

Last Answer : The generally accepted standard range of audible frequencies is 20 to 20,000 Hz, The usable voice frequency band ranges from approximately 300 Hz to 3400 Hz.

Explain loop antenna with neat sketch. Draw radiation pattern. State its advantages and applications.

Description : Explain loop antenna with neat sketch. Draw radiation pattern. State its advantages and applications.

Last Answer : Loop antenna:-The single turn coil carrying RF current through it having length less than the wavelength.   Advantages:- 1. highly directive 2. Small size Applications:- 1. For direction finding 2. In portable receivers 3. In navigation 

State the need of AGC. List the different types of AGC with neat graph.

Description : State the need of AGC. List the different types of AGC with neat graph.

Last Answer : Need of AGC:- The need or purpose of AGC circuit is to maintain the output voltage level (volume) of radio receiver constant over a wide range of RF input signal level.  AGC also helps to smooth out the rapid ... of AGC:- 1) Simple AGC 2) Delayed AGC Graphical representation of AGC:- 

State and explain concept of bandwidth.

Description : State and explain concept of bandwidth.

Last Answer : 1. Bandwidth is defined as a range within a band of frequencies or wavelengths. ... For digital devices, the bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per second (bps) or bytes per second. For analog devices, the bandwidth ... or Hertz (Hz) 2.Suppose the frequency range is f1 to f2 , then B.W= f2 - f1

State and explain the types of noise in communication system.

Description : State and explain the types of noise in communication system.

Last Answer : External Noise:  Atmospheric Noise  Atmospheric noise or static is caused by lighting discharges in thunderstorms and other natural electrical disturbances occurring in the atmosphere. These ... between two or more paths, and results from the random fluctuations in the division.

Draw the circuit diagram of PWM using IC555. State its operation.

Description : Draw the circuit diagram of PWM using IC555. State its operation.

Last Answer : Operation: i. The timer IC555 is operated in monostable mode. ii. The negative going carrier pulses are to the differentiator formed by R1 & C1. The differentiator produces sharp negative ... . Thus PWM signal is generated at the output pin (3) of IC555 as monostablemultivibrator. 

Draw block diagram of basic electronic communication system and state the function of each block.

Description : Draw block diagram of basic electronic communication system and state the function of each block.

Last Answer : i) Input signal: - The information can be in the form of sound, picture or data coming from computer. ii) Input transducer: - it converts original information into equivalent electrical ... back to suitable form. vii) Output transducer: - It converts electrical signal into original form. 

State and explain the losses in transmission line.

Description : State and explain the losses in transmission line.

Last Answer : Losses in Transmission Line:- There are three ways in which energy, applied to a transmission may desperate before reaching the load. They are 1) Radiation Losses:- Its occurs when a ... down voltage of the dielectric insulator. Generally when corona occurs, the transmission line is destroyed.

State the need of AGC.

Description : State the need of AGC.

Last Answer : Need of AGC:- The need or purpose of AGC circuit is to maintain the output voltage level (volume) of radio receiver constant over a wide range of RF input signal level. AGC ... long distance short wave reception & prevents overloading of the last IF amplifier which might otherwise have occurred 

State the super heterodyne principle.

Description : State the super heterodyne principle.

Last Answer : The process of mixing two signals having different frequencies to produce a new frequency i.e., to convert all the incoming frequencies to a lower frequency known as intermediate frequency (IF) . The super heterodyne principle is based on frequency conversion or frequency down conversion.