Which of the following qualities did the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research find in effective supervisors? (a) Participative problem solving. (b) Delegation of authority. (c) An interest and concern for subordinates. (d) All the above. [hint: A major research study was carried out at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research where effective supervisors, measured along dimensions of group morale, productivity and cost reduction appeared to display all of those qualities mentioned above, together with high standards of performance.]