Explain in brief linear measurements using: {i) Chaining (ii) Digital Tape

Explain in brief linear measurements using: {i) Chaining (ii) Digital Tape
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1 Answer

Answer :

i. Chaining:

 a. Linear measurement with chain carried out by two chainmen-Leader and follower.

 b. The follower keeps the chain handle at starting station point, holds firmly it and directs the leader along the line.

 c. Leader holds ranging rod at end of chain, facing the follower for instructions for ranging.

 d. Putting the chain in ranged direction, the leader inserts arrow at the end of chain.

 e. The process of ranging, bringing chain in line and inserting arrow is repeated. Along forward direction till the end station.

 f. The last part of line, less than chain length is measured by reading tally and number of links.

ii. Linear measurement by digital tape:

a. Place the digital tape at one end of line and then direct the laser beam so that it obstructs the object at the other end.

b. If there is no wall or pole at the other end, put the target there to hit the laser beam.

c. Once laser is at right spot, press the button and tape measures, calculates and displays distance on screen.
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Related questions

Explain in brief linear measurement using : i) Pacing ii) Digital Tape

Description : Explain in brief linear measurement using : i) Pacing ii) Digital Tape 

Last Answer : i) Pacing : This method is used only for knowing approximate distance between the objects. In preliminary survey this method can be used for linear measurement. This method consists of counting the ... and compact and measures accurate reading. The maximum measuring length of digital tape is 4.8m 

Describe in brief obstacles in chaining.

Description : Describe in brief obstacles in chaining.

Last Answer : There are 3 types of obstacles 1. Obstacle to ranging 2. Obstacle to chaining 3. Obstacle to both ranging & chaining. 1) Obstacle to Ranging: The type of obstacle in which the ... type of obstacle the problem lies in prolonging the line beyond the obstacle & determining the distance across it.

Describe in brief process of chaining on sloping ground.

Description : Describe in brief process of chaining on sloping ground.

Last Answer : In direct method which is also known as stepping method horizontal distance is directly measured as shown in fig. Horizontal distance between A and B is required to be measured. Procedure: i) A ... iii) The next step start from the C and the method is continued till point B reached. 

Explain how will you overcome the obstacles over river during chaining operation.

Description : Explain how will you overcome the obstacles over river during chaining operation.

Last Answer : A) river across the chain line. 1. Suppose AB is the chain line. Two points C & D are selected on this line on opposite banks of the river. 2. At C a perpendicular CE is erected and bisected at F. A perpendicular is ... ) X DF          CH=DF  = (CD/(CG-DF) )X DF        HG=CG-CH

Explain Direct method of chaining on sloping ground with neat skeetch.

Description : Explain Direct method of chaining on sloping ground with neat skeetch. 

Last Answer : While chaining on sloping ground, the horizontal distances can be computed by direct method i.e. By stepping. By stepping: It consist in measuring the distance in small horizontal lengths (e.g.L1). Let ... is continued in the correct line with point B. Then length of line AB=L1 +L2 +L3+L4

Explain with neat sketch method of stepping of chaining on sloping ground.

Description : Explain with neat sketch method of stepping of chaining on sloping ground.

Last Answer : Procedure : To measure the horizontal distance between points A & B on sloping ground following steps should be followed ( Refer above figure.) 1. Starting from point A, the chain is unfolded and ... . Finally calculate total chained distance as d(AB) = d(AP1) + d(P2P3) + d(P4P5)

Explain the process of chaining on sloping ground by stepping method with neat sketch.

Description : Explain the process of chaining on sloping ground by stepping method with neat sketch.

Last Answer : The procedure to measure horizontal distance between the points A and B on sloping ground is as follows. 1. Two persons-leader and follower are required for chaining. 2. The follower holds the end of chain at A. The leader goes ... between A and b L = AM, + MN' + NO' + OP' + PQ' + QB'

Write three types of obstacles in chaining with examples.

Description : Write three types of obstacles in chaining with examples. 

Last Answer : 1. Obstacle which can be chained across but cannot be ranged across. , Examples: Hill Intervening , rising ground. 2. Obstacle which can be ranged but cannot be chained across., Example: ... . 3. Obstacle which can be neither be ranged across not be chained across, Example: Building obstruction

A 20m chain was found to be 6cm too long after chaining a distance of 1059m. It was found to be 9cm too short after chaining at the end 1985m. If the chain was correct before commencement of work find the true distance.

Description : A 20m chain was found to be 6cm too long after chaining a distance of 1059m. It was found to be 9cm too short after chaining at the end 1985m. If the chain was correct before commencement of work find the true distance.

Last Answer : Given : Line ABC, AB=1059m, AC=1985m  L= 20m, No error at start, 0.06m too long at B,  0.09m too short  Find : True distance of AC = ? Solution : For part AB L = Length of chain= 20 m e = Average ... Total true distance of AC = True distance of (AB + BC)  = 1060.59 m + 922.52 m  = 1983.11 m

Describe stepping method of chaining on sloping ground.

Description : Describe stepping method of chaining on sloping ground.

Last Answer : 1. If A and B are the two points on sloping ground, for which horizontal distance is to be measured. 2. Unfold the chain. By touching handle to station A, stretch it up to maximum possible ... 6. Thus total horizontal distance on sloping ground is calculated as d(AB) = L1+L2+L3 in meters.

A 20 m chain was found to be 10 cm too short after chaining 1000 m It was found to be 20 cm too short after chaining 1800 m. If the chain was correct before commencement of the work find the true distance.

Description : A 20 m chain was found to be 10 cm too short after chaining 1000 m It was found to be 20 cm too short after chaining 1800 m. If the chain was correct before commencement of the work find the true distance.  

Last Answer : Average error in chain for 1000 m length = (0 + 10) / 2 = 5 cm = 0.05 m too short True length up to 1000 m = (20 - 0.05) x 1000 / 20 = 997.5 m. Average error in chain from 1000 m to 1800 m length = (10 ... 1800 m length = (20 - 0.15) x 800 / 20 = 794.0 m. True distance = 997.5 + 794 = 1791.5 m.

Enlist the sources of error in chaining and state the precautions to be taken against error.

Description : Enlist the sources of error in chaining and state the precautions to be taken against error.

Last Answer : In general, the distance measurement obtained in the field will be in error. Errors in the distance measurement can arise from a number of sources: 1. Instrument errors: A chain may be faulty due to a defect ... confuse 10 m tag with 20 m tag. It should be avoided by noticing the 15 m tag.

Define 1)Ranging 2)Chaining

Description : Define 1)Ranging 2)Chaining

Last Answer : 1) Ranging The method of establishing intermediate points on a straight line between the two fixed points is known as ranging. 2)Chaining The method of measuring the distance with the chain or tape is called as Chaining.

Greater accuracy in linear measurements, is obtained by (A) Tacheometry (B) Direct chaining (C) Direct taping (D) All the above

Description : Greater accuracy in linear measurements, is obtained by (A) Tacheometry (B) Direct chaining (C) Direct taping (D) All the above

Last Answer : (C) Direct taping

Describe in brief with neat sketch: i) Base line ii) Check line

Description : Describe in brief with neat sketch: i) Base line ii) Check line

Last Answer : i) Base line:  Base line is generally the longest line running roughly through the middle of the area. It is laid on a level ground as far as possible. The whole frame work is built upon this line. ... on the opposite side or a line joining some fixed point on any two sides of the triangle. 

State different types of leveling. Explain any one in brief.

Description : State different types of leveling. Explain any one in brief.

Last Answer : Types of Levelling  1. Simple Levelling.  2. Differential Levelling.  3. Fly Levelling.  4. Longitudinal or profile leveling.  5. Cross-Section Levelling.  6. Check Levelling.  1. ... B are taken. The difference of these readings gives the difference of level between A and B. 

Enlist method of ranging and explain any one in brief.

Description : Enlist method of ranging and explain any one in brief.

Last Answer : Ranging The method of establishing intermediate points on a straight line between the two fixed points is known as ranging. It is done before chaining started. It may be done by eye or by using some ... which are nearer to line AB. Repeat same process until points M and N are established.

In precision theodolite traverse if included angles are read twice and the mean reading accepted using both verniers having a least count of 30". Assuming the instrument to be in perfect adjustment, linear measurements correct to 6 mm per 30 metre tape duly corrected for temperature, slope and sag, the angular error of closure not to exceed (where n is the number of traverse legs) (A) 50" n(B) 30" n(C) 60" n (D) None of these

Description : In precision theodolite traverse if included angles are read twice and the mean reading accepted using both verniers having a least count of 30". Assuming the instrument to be in perfect adjustment, linear measurements correct to 6 mm per ... legs) (A) 50" n (B) 30" n (C) 60" n (D) None of these

Last Answer : (A) 50" n

Describe in brief errors in levelling.

Description : Describe in brief errors in levelling. 

Last Answer : The sources of error in levelling are as below 1) Instrumental errors: Error due to imperfect adjustment, Sluggish bubble, Faulty Focusing tube, Erroneous leveling staff. 2) Personal errors: ... length. Use umbrella to shelter the instrument, use sun shade, avoid levelling work during wind. 

Describe in brief profile levelling.

Description : Describe in brief profile levelling.

Last Answer : The operation of taking levels along the center line of any alignment at regular interval is called longitudinal or profile levelling. Along the alignment, spots are marked at regular interval ... the points are plotted against their chainage to obtain ground profile along the alignment.

Describe in brief errors in plane table survey.

Description : Describe in brief errors in plane table survey.

Last Answer : 1) The board not being horizontal. 2) The table not being accurately centered. 3) The table not being Correctly oriented. 4) The objects not being sited accurately. 5) The alidade not being ... through the station point. 7) Inaccuracy in plotting. 8) The expansion and contraction of the paper.

Describe in brief resection method of plane table surveying.

Description : Describe in brief resection method of plane table surveying.

Last Answer : This method is used for establishing the instrument stations only. After fixing the stations, details are located either by radiation or intersection. The characteristic feature of resection is that the point ... of resection are (1)The Two Point Problem, and (2)Three Point Problem.

Describe in brief errors in compass survey.

Description : Describe in brief errors in compass survey.

Last Answer : Errors in Compass Surveying. The errors are classified as: 1. Instrumental errors. 2. Personal or Observational errors. 3. Errors due to External Influences (Natural errors etc.).  (1 ... in magnetic declination. (iii) Local attraction due to proximity of electric lines, steel structures etc.

Describe in brief primary classification of surveying

Description : Describe in brief primary classification of surveying

Last Answer : Primary Classification Geodetic Survey The geodetic surveying is that type of surveying which takes into account the curvature of earth's surface. It is generally adopted for large area (more than ... large scale such as Bridges, Dams, Location and Construction of canals, highways, railways etc.

Draw a sketch and explain how to find height of chajja or slab using dumpy level.

Description : Draw a sketch and explain how to find height of chajja or slab using dumpy level.

Last Answer : Explanation : 1. First the back sight reading is taken on floor level whose RL is known to us; from which RL of instrument axis can be find out by adding RL of BM and BS reading. 2. Now ... staff reading. 4. Finally height of chajja is calculated as RL of slab bottom -  RL of floor top.

State the purposes of following methods of leveling. i)Profile leveling, ii)Fly leveling, iii)Check leveling iv)Reciprocal leveling

Description : State the purposes of following methods of leveling. i)Profile leveling, ii)Fly leveling, iii)Check leveling iv)Reciprocal leveling

Last Answer : 1. Profile leveling- To determine the undulation of ground surface along given line for alignment of road, canal or pipe, railway line 2. Fly leveling-It is used to for connecting B.M. to ... is used to find the difference in leveling between two points two point obstructed due to river or pond.

Define the terms i) Fore Bearing, ii) Open traverse, iii) Closing error, iv) Reduced bearing

Description : Define the terms i) Fore Bearing, ii) Open traverse, iii) Closing error, iv) Reduced bearing

Last Answer : i) Fore bearing : The bearing observed in the direction of progress of survey in clockwise manner is called fore bearing  ii) Open traverse : When the first and last survey lines does ... north or south direction in clockwise or anticlockwise manner is known as reduced or quadrantal bearing. 

Write the functions of the following components of prismatic compass i) Prism, ii) Lifting pin, iii) Prism cap, iv) Agate cap

Description : Write the functions of the following components of prismatic compass i) Prism, ii) Lifting pin, iii) Prism cap, iv) Agate cap

Last Answer : i) Prism: Reading printed on horizontal face of compass ring can be read from vertical position  ii) Lifting pin: When the instrument not in use the sight vane passes against the lifting pin which lift ... piece of hard glass provided on top of pivoted point, to reduce wear and tear of the point

Defines the terms : i) Survey Station ii) Survey Line iii)Offset iv)Triangulation

Description : Defines the terms : i) Survey Station ii) Survey Line iii)Offset iv)Triangulation 

Last Answer : i) Survey Station : It is the point on ground from which various observations are taken around it. ii) Survey Line : It is the straight line joining two successive survey stations ... iv)Triangulation : The frame work consist of number of connected well conditional triangle is called Triangulation.

Write the code of signals used in ranging with respect to : i) Correct position ii) Fix the ranging rod iii) Vertical position of ranging rod iv) Move slowly to left of observer

Description : Write the code of signals used in ranging with respect to : i) Correct position ii) Fix the ranging rod iii) Vertical position of ranging rod iv) Move slowly to left of observer 

Last Answer : i) Correct position : Both hands above Head and then Brought Down ii) Fix the ranging rod : Both Arms extended forward horizontally and the hands depressed briskly iii) Vertical position of ranging rod : 1 ... and moved to the Left iv) Move slowly to left of observer : Slow sweeps with Left Hand

What are the objectives of following one each. i)Topographic Survey ii)Cadastral Survey iii)Engineering Survey iv)Mine Survey

Description : What are the objectives of following one each. i)Topographic Survey ii)Cadastral Survey iii)Engineering Survey iv)Mine Survey

Last Answer : i) Topographic Survey : To determine natural features like river, streams , lakes , hills etc and artificial features like roads , railways , canal , town and villages .  ii) Cadastral ... Mine Survey :To explore mineral deposits and to guide tunneling and other operations associated with mining. 

Draw Conventional symbol for i) Embankment ii) Pond or Lake iii) Tunnel iv) Compound Wall

Description : Draw Conventional symbol for i) Embankment ii) Pond or Lake iii) Tunnel iv) Compound Wall

Last Answer : Conventional symbol for i) Embankment ii) Pond or Lake iii) Tunnel iv) Compound Wall

Define : i) Traversing ii) Magnetic Meridian

Description : Define : i) Traversing ii) Magnetic Meridian

Last Answer : i) Traversing : Traversing is the series of survey lines connecting successive established traverse stations along the route of survey  ii) Magnetic Meridian : The direction indicated by ... and properly balanced Magnetic needle unaffected by local attractive force is called magnetic meridian.

Draw conventional symbol for: i. Cutting ii. Road with bridge iii. Orchard iv. river

Description : Draw conventional symbol for: i. Cutting ii. Road with bridge iii. Orchard iv. river

Last Answer : conventional symbol for: i. Cutting ii. Road with bridge iii. Orchard iv. river

Define: i) Level Line, ii) Horizontal Line, iii) Vertical Line iv) Bench Mark.

Description : Define: i) Level Line, ii) Horizontal Line, iii) Vertical Line iv) Bench Mark. 

Last Answer : j) Level Line: It is line lying in a level surface; it is therefore, normal to the plumb line at all points. ii) Horizontal Line: It is a straight line tangential to the level line at a ... RL determined with reference to the datum line. They serve as reference points for finding RL of new points. 

State the uses of following instruments in survey: i)Cross staff ii) Chain iii) Pegs iv) Arrows

Description : State the uses of following instruments in survey: i)Cross staff ii) Chain iii) Pegs iv) Arrows

Last Answer : i) Cross-Staff: To set up perpendicular or right angle to given chain line OR to find foot of perpendicular from given object to a chain line. ii) Chain: Chains are used for measuring distances. iii) ... on survey lines. iv) Arrows : They are used to mark the end of each chain during chaining. 

State the classification of surveys based on i) The nature of the field of survey. ii) The object of survey.

Description : State the classification of surveys based on i) The nature of the field of survey. ii) The object of survey. 

Last Answer : i)The nature of the field of survey.  1.Land surveying.  2.Marine surveying or Hydrographic surveying.  3.Astronomical surveying.  ii) The object of survey. 1.Geological surveying. 2.Mine surveying. 3.Archaeological surveying. 4. Military surveying. 5. Engineeringsurveying.

Define: i) Mean sea level, ii) Station point.

Description : Define: i) Mean sea level, ii) Station point. 

Last Answer : i) M.S.L: Mean sea level is the average height of the sea for all stages of tides. It is determined by averaging the hourly tide heights over a long period of 19 years at a place.  ii) Station ... is a point which is to be established at a given elevation or it is a point where the Staff is held 

Define: i) W.C.B. ii) Reduced Bearing

Description : Define: i) W.C.B. ii) Reduced Bearing

Last Answer : i)Whole circle bearing: The bearing measures only in the clockwise direction from meridian or north direction is known as whole circle bearing.   ii) Reduced bearing: The bearing measured ... north or south direction in clockwise or anticlockwise manner is known as reduced or quadrant bearing 

Define: i) Open Traverse ii) Closed Traverse.

Description : Define: i) Open Traverse ii) Closed Traverse. 

Last Answer : i) Open traverse: When the first and last survey lines does not meets at common point and hence does not form a closed polygon, then it is said to be open traverse.  ii) Closed Traverse: When last and first survey stations meet at common point, traverse is called as closed traverse.

Write the uses of following survey instruments i) Ranging Rod ii) Pegs iii) Cross-staff iv) Plumb bob

Description : Write the uses of following survey instruments i) Ranging Rod ii) Pegs iii) Cross-staff iv) Plumb bob

Last Answer : i) Ranging Rod : Ranging rod are used for ranging. ii) Pegs : Pegs are used for marking the positions of stations or terminals points of survey lines. iii) Cross-staff : It is used ... It is also used for accurate centering of the surveying instruments like theodolite, compass, plane table etc. 

Define the following terms: (i) Level surface {ii) Datum line (iii) Reduced level (iv) Axis of telescope

Description : Define the following terms: (i) Level surface {ii) Datum line (iii) Reduced level (iv) Axis of telescope

Last Answer : i)Level Surface : Any surface is parallel to mean spheroidal surface of earth is said to be a level surface. The water surface of still lake is also considered to be level surface. ii) ... an imaginary line passing through the optical Centre of object glass and optical Centre of the eye piece.

Find the back bearing of the following lines having fore bearing as given below: (i) PQ = N 55° 0' E (ii) EF == 280° 0' (iii) CD = S 58° 30' W (iv) OM= 180° 0'

Description : Find the back bearing of the following lines having fore bearing as given below: (i) PQ = N 55° 0' E (ii) EF == 280° 0' (iii) CD = S 58° 30' W (iv) OM= 180° 0'

Last Answer : i) F.B OF PQ = N 55°0 ’ E  B.B Of PQ = S 55°0 ’W  ii) F.B. Of EF = 280°0 ’   B.B OF EF = F.B -180°= 280°0 ’ -180° = 100°0 ’  iii) F.B OF CD = S 58°30’W  B.B OF CD = N 58°30’ E  iv) F.B OF GH = 180°  B.B OF GH = F.B -180°=180°-180°= 0°

Define: (i) Long offset (ii) Short offset

Description : Define: (i) Long offset (ii) Short offset

Last Answer : i. Long offset: The offset whose length is more than 15 m. ii. Short offset: The offset whose length is less than or equal to 15 m.

Define: (i) True meridian (ii) Magnetic meridian

Description : Define: (i) True meridian (ii) Magnetic meridian

Last Answer : i. True meridian: It is line of intersection of plane passing through North Pole, South Pole and point under consideration.  ii. Magnetic meridian: Magnetic meridian at point is direction shown by freely suspended magnetic needle at that point.

The length of line measured with a chain was found to be 250m. Calculate the true length of line if i) The length was measured with 30 m chain and the chain was 10cm too long and ii) The length of chain was 30 m in the beginning and 30.10 m at the end of the work.

Description : The length of line measured with a chain was found to be 250m. Calculate the true length of line if i) The length was measured with 30 m chain and the chain was 10cm too long and ii) The length of chain was 30 m in the beginning and 30.10 m at the end of the work. 

Last Answer : Given Data: L = 30 m Measured Length = 250 m Solution: Case i) The length was measured with 30 m chain and the chain was 10cm too long L' = 30 + 0.1 = 30.1 m Correct Distance = (L'/L) x Measured Length ... = 30.05 m Correct Distance = (L'/L) x Measured Length  = (30.05/30) x 250  = 250.42 m

Describe method of measuring distances on ground using chain and arrows.

Description : Describe method of measuring distances on ground using chain and arrows.

Last Answer : Method of measuring distances on ground. 1. Mark the position of survey stations whose distance is to be measured using wooden peg. (say A and B) 2. now, ranging is done if distance ... station B. Thus total horizontal distance will be equal to addition of distances measured of each parts.

Explain the temporary adjustments of prismatic compass.

Description : Explain the temporary adjustments of prismatic compass.

Last Answer : Temporary Adjustments of Prismatic Compass 1. Fixing the compass to the tripod The compass is fixed on a tripod by rotating screw head of tripod stand. 2. Centering the compass The prismatic compass ... prism is moved using focusing stud so that readings on graduated ring will be seen clearly. 

Describe with neat sketch, the optical square and explain its principle.

Description : Describe with neat sketch, the optical square and explain its principle.

Last Answer : Principal of optical square :- the angle between the first incident ray and the last reflected ray is twice the angle between the two mirrors OR If there are two plane mirrors whose reflecting surfaces ... is 450 while that between the first incident ray and last reflected ray is 900 .  

What are offsets? How are they taken and recorded? Explain with sketch.

Description : What are offsets? How are they taken and recorded? Explain with sketch.

Last Answer : Offsets are lateral measurement to the base line. They are Located by judgment if short And by instruments (optical square or cross staff) if long and measured by metallic tape and shown with their chainages on base line