Describe in detail various oral cavity tablet.

1 Answer

Answer :

Oral cavity tablet: 

i. Buccal Tablet.

ii. Sublingual Tablet.

iii. Lozenge tablet and tracheas.

iv. Dental cones.

1] Buccal Tablet’s –

a. These tablets are to be placed in buccal pouch or between the gum & lip or cheek.

b. Tablet dissolve & disintegrated slowly & absorb directly.

2] Sublingual Tablet –

a. These tablets are to be placed under the longue.

b. They dissolve & disintegrated quickly &

c. Absorb directly without passing into G.I.T.

d. Buccal and sublingual tablet should be formulated with bland excipients, which do not stimulate salivation.

3] Lozenge tablet & trochesa. These tablets are designed to exert a local effect on mouth or throat.

b. These tablets are usually used in treatment of sore throat or control coughing.

c. The tablets are usually used to such drug as anaesthetic, antiseptic and antibacterial agent, demulcent, astringent and antitussive agent.

d. Lozenges were earlier called pastilles.

4] Dental cones –

a. These are relatively minor compressed tablet meant for placing them in the empty socket after tooth extraction.

b. Usually, these tablets contain an antibacterial, compound which is released slowly.

c. Prevent the growth of bacteria.

d. These tablets may contain an astringent or coagulant to reduce bleeding.

e. The base for these types is sodium bicarbonate, sodium Chloride or it may be amines acid.

f. These cones generally get dissolved in 20 to 40 min time.

Related questions

Description : Define tables. Enlist various excipients used in tablet manufacturing with one example each.

Last Answer : Definition:  Tablet is a solid unit dosage form congaing medicament/s usually circular in shape and may be flat or biconvex. OR Tablet is a solid unit dosage form prepared by compression. ... Glidants& lubricants: e.g. talc and magnesium stearate. vi. Colours, flavours and sweetening agents: 

Description : Describe dry heat method of sterilization in detail.

Last Answer : Principle: All the microorganism including spores are destroyed. Principle of killing is by dehydration and oxidation of essential metabolites. In hot air oven heating is done at 1600 C for 2 hours. ... off the oven. Allow to cool. Take out the material.  Diagram:

Description : Describe various factors affecting size reduction.

Last Answer : i. Hardness: Soft material easy break than hard. ii. Toughness: Drug with fibrous nature or those having high moisture content are tough and hard to reduce in size. iii. Stickiness: Material ... of the size reduction of the material in a machine depends upon the bulk density of the substance.

Description : Describe various stages of sugar coating. 

Last Answer : Steps of sugar coating of tablet:-  i) Sieving ii) Sealing iii) Sub-coating iv) Syrup coating v) Finishing vi) Polishing i) Sieving :- The tablets to be coated are shaken in a suitable ... so the wax coated tablets are rubbed on the canvas cloth. This gives a proper shining to the tablets

Description : Explain in detail evaporating still with its advantage and disadvantages.

Last Answer : It consist of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel. It is surrounded by a steam jacket. Still is covered from top and connected to condenser. Hemispherical shape ... heat transfer is poor. Heating surface is limited. Not suitable for thermolabile material.

Description : Define ‘Homogenisation’. Write the principle of homogenisation. Write in detail about ‘Colloidal Mill’.

Last Answer : Homogenization is the process of preparing fine emulsion from a coarse emulsion by converting the large globules in to small globules. Principle: These work on the principal of braking large ... thus reduced to fine particle size The material is thrown outward due to centrifugal action

Description : Write in detail about moist heat method of sterilization

Last Answer : Principle: The steam has more penetration power than dry heat and thermal capacity of steam is more than thermal capacity of dry heat. The method is useful for killing of bacterial spores. ... for powder or oils. It is not suitable for sterilization of plastic which melt at 1150C.

Description : Explain in detail about maceration with adjustment. How does it differ from simple maceration process?

Last Answer : Maceration with adjustment: This process is carried out for unorganized drug. Method: i) Place unorganized drug with 4/5th of the menstruum in a close vessel for 2-7 days. ii) ... of Capsicum Examples of tinctures: Compound Tincture of Benzoin, Tincture of Tolu, Tincture of Myrrh

Description : Define the term ‘Closures’. Write in detail about different types of closures commonly used in pharmaceutical industry.

Last Answer : CLOSURES are devices by means of which containers can be opened and closed. TYPES OF CLOSURES WITH EXAMPLES: 1. Plug type - It is a push-fit into the neck of the container. E.g. cork ... and paper impregnated with a suitable resin, wax or plastic. E.g. Caps of pharmaceutical liquid dosage forms.

Description : Write in detail about modified percolation process. 

Last Answer : Modified Percolation: In percolation process for tinctures drug\ percolate (d/p) ratio is 1:4.The drug/percolate ratio is reduced to 1:3 by modifying percolation process. Thus saves lot of heat, ... evaporated and then mixed with main percolate.  Final volume is made by adding more menstrum. 

Description : What are the equipments used for mixing of liquids? Give in detail about ‘Propeller Mixer’.

Last Answer : Equipments used for mixing of Liquids i .Propeller mixer ii .Turbine mixer iii .Paddle mixer Propeller Mixers Construction: .It consists of vessel and propeller, Propeller usually operates at ... : Application: It is used for mixing of liquids having low viscosity.

Description : Mention all Q.C. tests to be performed on tablets. Explain any one in detail. 

Last Answer : Q.C. Tests:  1. Size and shape of tablet. 2. Appearance. 3. Content of active ingredient. 4. Uniformity of weight/weight variation test 5. Uniformity of content 6. Disintegration. 7. ... are considered to be of good quality if the loss in weight is less than 1%.  Diagram:

Description : State and explain the steps involved in sugar coating of tablet.

Last Answer : Steps of sugar coating of tablet: Sieving Sealing Sub-coating Syrup coating Finishing Polishing i) Sieving :- The tablets to be coated are shaken in a suitable sieve to remove the fine ... on the canvas cloth. This gives a proper shining to the tablets Sugar coating is an art 

Description : Discuss in brief disintegration test for uncoated tablet.

Last Answer : Disintegration test: Disintegration of a tablet means to break a tablet into smaller particles after swallowing. The time required to disintegrate the tablet is called disintegration time. The apparatus ... the test if not less than 16 of the total 18 tablets tested have disintegrated.  

Description : Explain the different steps involved in sugar coating of tablet.

Last Answer : Steps of sugar coating of tablet:-  Sieving Sealing Sub-coating Syrup coating Finishing Polishing i) Sieving :- The tablets to be coated are shaken in a suitable sieve to remove the ... the wax coated tablets are rubbed on the canvas cloth. This gives a proper shining to the tablets

Description : Define tablet as a dosage form along with advantages and disadvantages.

Last Answer : Definition:  Tablets are solid unit dosage form containing medicament or medicaments usually circular in shape and may be flat or biconvex. Advantages:   1. Easy to administered. 2. Easy to ... . 4. Bioavailability is low. 5. Bitter- tasting drugs, moisture sensetive drugs requires coating.

Description : What do you mean by enteric coated tablet? Give reasons for enteric coating.

Last Answer : Enteric Coated tablet:   1. These tablets are coated with the material which does not disintegrate in stomach but passes through as it is i.e. enteric polymer e.g.: Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate ... stomach pH. 4. Drug absorption is better in intestine. 5. Delayed action is needed. 

Description : Why coating of tablet is done? What are the different methods of coating?

Last Answer : Reasons for coating: 1. To mask unpleasant taste and odour. 2. To improve the appearance of tablets. 3. To prevent the medicament from atmospheric effects. 4. To control the site of action of ... Methods of tablet coating : 1. Sugar coating: 2. Film coating 3. Enteric coating.

Description : Explain any four manufacturing defects in tablet manufacturing. 

Last Answer : i) Capping: There is partial or complete removal of top or bottom portion of the tablet. The reasons are: Excessive fines, defective punches and dies, high speed of the machine, too dry ... moves slightly upward before ejection of a tablet and gives a second though light imprint on the tablet.

Description : Explain following evaluation test for tablet

Last Answer : (i) Friability Friability test is performed to evaluate ability of the tablet to with stand wear and tear in Packing, handling, and transporting. The apparatus used to perform this test is known as " ... not less than 16 of the total 18 tablets tested have disintegrated.

Description : Define aseptic techniques. What are the various sources of contamination?

Last Answer : Definition: Aseptic technique  The method which is used to prevent the access of microorganism during the preparation of parenteral product and their testing are called Aseptic Technique Sources of ... are also a source of contamination. A handkerchief is the richest source of contamination. 

Description : What are various ‘ Novel drug delivery systems’- explain implants. 

Last Answer : Various drug delivery systems are:  1. Implants 2. Liposome drug carriers 3. Nanoparticles 4. Prodrugs 5. Films and strips 6. Erythrocytes Implants: The hypodermic tablets are placed under the ... placed in the upper thigh at a depth of 5 mm. These implants are useful in hormone therapy.

Description : Name various types of closures.

Last Answer : i. Plug type. ii. Crown type. iii. Push-fit cap. iv. Screw closure

Description : Name various mechanisms of size reduction.

Last Answer : i. Cutting ii. Compression iii. Impact iv. Attrition v. Combined impact and attrition

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of ‘Soxhlet apparatus.’ Mention the various limitations of continuous hot percolation process. 

Last Answer : Limitation: 1. Physical character of the drug: If the drug would block the soxhlet apparatus then this process cannot be used for extraction. Eg opium. Gum, resin, ... for drugs having thermolabile active constituents such as enzymes, alkaloids, anthraquinone derivatives, esters, etc. 

Description : Explain the term aseptic techniques. What are the various points to be considered while designing an aseptic room?

Last Answer : Definition: The method which is used to prevent the access of microorganism during the preparation of parenteral product and their testing are called aseptic Technique . Design of aseptic room: 1. Site: ... connection. Vacuum. Disposable waste. 6. Furniture: Shack type. Fume -cupboard.

Description : Differentiate between filtration and clarification. Enlist various filter media used in Pharmacy.

Last Answer : Sr. no. Filtration Clarification 1 It is process of removal of solids or suspended matter in a liquid or gas by passing through a porous medium in which solids are retained. ... wool iv) Asbestos v) Fine muslin vi) Filter cloth vii) Membrane filters viii) Sintered glass filters.

Description : Name the various manufacturing defects in tablets. 

Last Answer : 1.Capping: In this there is partial or complete removal of top or bottom portion of tablet. Reasons: Excessive fine. Defective punch die. High speed of machine. Granules too dried ... ejection of tablet and give second impression. This can be controlled by managing the movement of punch.

Description : Name the various standards of sieves.

Last Answer : According to I.P. standards for sieves are as follows I .Approximate sieve number ii. Nominal mesh aperture size iii. Approximate percentage of sieving area iv. Tolerance average aperture size  According to I.P. sieves must confirm the above mentioned specifications for the given sieve number. 

Description : What are the various factors which affect the size reduction of the drugs?

Last Answer : 1. Hardness: Soft material easy break than hard.  2. Toughness: Drug with fibrous nature or those having high moisture content are tough and hard to reduce in size.  3. Stickiness: Material ... of the size reduction of the material in a machine depends upon the bulk density of the substance. 

Description : In which year various editions of pharmacopoeia of India came out?

Last Answer : 1. First Edition in 1955 2. Second Edition in 1966 3. Third Edition in 1985 4. Fourth Edition in 1996 5. Fifth Edition in 2007 6. Sixth Edition in 2010 7. Seventh Edition 2014

Description : List the various equipment’s used for liquid mixing and explain how vortex formation can be avoided in liquid mixing. 

Last Answer : Equipment used for mixing of liquid:  1. Propeller mixture. 2. Turbine Mixture. 3. Paddle mixture. Vortex formation can be avoided in liquid mixing by making the following changes in the position of the ... the side of vessels. 4. Using push pull propeller. 5. Using baffles.

Description : Name various Novel drug Delivery systems.

Last Answer : 1. Implants 2. Liposome drug carriers 3. Nanoparticles 4. Prodrugs 5. Films and strips 6. Resealed Erythrocytes etc.

Description : What is aseptic technique? List the various sources of contamination and explain the sterility test.

Last Answer : Aseptic technique:  The method which is used to prevent the access of microorganism during the preparation of parenteral product and their testing are called Aseptic Technique . Sources of contamination: 1) ... the sample is declared to have pass the test and same test is repeated for two times.

Description : Explain various grades of powders

Last Answer : According to IP 2010 official grades of powders are as follows:  i. Coarse powder: A powder of which all particles pass through sieve no 10 with nominal aperture size 1.7mm and not more than 40% pass ... powder: A powder of which not less than 90%by weight of particles are less than 10 µm in size.

Description : Mention official and unofficial evaluation test for tablets. Describe weight variation test. 

Last Answer : Official test list: 1. Size and shape of tablet. 2. Appearance. 3. Content of active ingredient. 4. Uniformity of weight/weight variation test 5. Uniformity of content 6. ... the percentage deviation given in the table and none should deviate by more than twice that percentage.

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of Vacuum still and describe its theory.

Last Answer : Theory :-  Liquid boils at lower temperature when pressure on the surface of the liquid is reduced. Therefore, when distillation is carried out under reduced pressure the rate of distillation increases. ... boiling point 100 ºc, at atmospheric pressure (760 mm of Hg ). Diagram: 

Description : Describe construction and working of double cone blender.

Last Answer : Diagram: Construction: Double cone blender is made up of stainless steel and is available in different capacity ranging from 5 kg to 200 kg or even more. The efficiency of ... to produce shearing action and design is useful for mixing powders of different densities in small quantities.

Description : Describe construction and working of equipment used for moist heat sterilization. 

Last Answer : Moist heat sterilizer or Autoclave:  Diagram:  Construction:  It consists of a string metallic chamber usually made of stainless steel. It has a cover fitted with a steam vent, pressure gauze ... whole of the steam is removed, the lid is opened and the sterilized material is taken out.

Description : Describe the construction and working of evaporating pan with neat diagram.

Last Answer : Construction:  i. It consists of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel and surrounded by a steam jacket. ii. Hemispherical shape provides large surface area for evaporation. iii. ... . iv. After evaporation remove the product from product outlet. Diagram:

Description : Describe the principle, construction, working and uses of cyclone separator.

Last Answer : Principle: Centrifugal force   Construction-  1) Cyclone separator is size separation device 2) It consists of a cylindrical vessel with a conical base. 3) The upper part of the vessel is fitted ... the suspension of a solid in gas 2. It can be used with liquid suspension of solid

Description : Describe in brief about ” churnas”

Last Answer : Churna: These are powdered mixture prepared by mixing dry mineral, animal or vegetable substance in a pestle and mortar in known as churna. The powdered mixture is then passed through cloth, linen or fine ... double the quantity of churna. They are generally taken with milk, hot water or cow urine.

Description : Describe in brief about dissolution test for tablets. 

Last Answer : Dissolution test: The test is done for measuring the amount of time required for a given percentage of drug substance in a tablet to go into solution under specified condition in vitro. The apparatus consists a ... ingredient in solution is not less than 70% of the stated amount.  Diagram.

Description : Give any two applications of simple distillation.Describe method of separation of two immiscible liquids.

Last Answer : Applications of simple distillation(0.5 2) 1) Preparation of distilled water and water for injection. 2)Recovery of alcohol in preparation of dry extracts 3)Many volatile oils and ... proportion The distillate can be collected in Florentine receiver for separation of oil & water.

Description : Describe simple maceration process.

Last Answer : Simple maceration is a maceration process for tinctures made from organised drugs. In this process, the drug is placed with the whole of the menstruum in a closed vessel for seven days. During ... made by simple maceration process are Tincture of Orange, Tincture of Lemon, Tincture of Squill, etc.

Description : Describe the method of distillation for immiscible solution.

Last Answer : Method of separation of two immiscible liquids. The apparatus consists of steam generator,still,condenser,and receiver. In steam distillation process, a current of steam is passed through a immiscible ... be collected in Florentine receiver for separation of oil & water. Diagram:

Description : Describe the method of preparation of BCG vaccine with dose, storage and uses.

Last Answer : Method of preparation of BCG vaccine: It is freeze- dried preparation containing live culture of the bacillus Calmette and Guerin strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  Preparation: The ... after its preparation. Uses: Immunising agent which provides protection against tuberculosis. 

Description : Describe the process of manufacturing of hard gelatine capsules. 

Last Answer : Process of manufacturing of hard gelatine capsules.   i)Capsules are filled in the loading tray& placed over the filling bed. ii) Cam handle is operated to separate the capsule caps from their ... cleaned by wiping with clean cloth. This gives good shine to the capsules. Diagram

Description : Describe working of FBD with well labelled diagram.

Last Answer : Working of FBD  Two types of FBD are used in pharmaceutical industry. There are: 1. Vertical FBD 2. Horizontal FBD The fluidising air stream is induced by a fan which is mounted in the upper part of ... from 5 kg to 200 kg with an average drying time of about 20- 40 min. Diagram:

Description : Describe construction of autoclave with diagram. 

Last Answer : Construction:   It consists of a string metallic chamber usually made of stainless steel. It has a cover fitted with a steam vent, pressure gauze and a safety valve. Rubber gasket is fitted on the inner side ... the stand. The material to be sterilized is loosely packed into it. Diagram: