A(n) __________ is an independent business that sells complementary products of several producers in assigned territories and is compensated through commissions. A)industrial distributor B)production agent C)wholesaler D)manufacturers' agent E)producer

A(n) __________ is an independent business that sells complementary products of
several producers in assigned territories and is compensated through commissions.
A)industrial distributor
B)production agent
C)wholesaler
D)manufacturers' agent
E)producer
by

1 Answer

Answer :

D)manufacturers' agent
by

Related questions

The person or firm that buys large quantity of goods from various producers or vendors, warehouses them, and resells to retailers is called 1. Industrial distributor 2. Production agent 3. Wholesaler 4. Manufacturer's agent 5. Producer

Description : The person or firm that buys large quantity of goods from various producers or vendors, warehouses them, and resells to retailers is called 1. Industrial distributor 2. Production agent 3. Wholesaler 4. Manufacturer's agent 5. Producer

Last Answer : Wholesaler

The channel that includes both a manufacturers' agent and an industrial distributor may be appropriate under which of the following circumstances? A)When the firm wants specialised personnel to follow up the work of the sales force B)When the marketer wishes to enter a new geographic market but does not wish to expand the existing sales force C)When only one or two channels of distribution are available for products D)When the sales force is large and the marketer is thinking of cutting it down E)When customers are highly concentrated in one geographic area

Description : The channel that includes both a manufacturers' agent and an industrial distributor may be appropriate under which of the following circumstances? A)When the firm wants specialised personnel to follow ... is thinking of cutting it down E)When customers are highly concentrated in one geographic area

Last Answer : B)When the marketer wishes to enter a new geographic market but does not wish to expand the existing sales force

The most widely used business to business marketing channel is; A)producer, distributor, customer. B)producer, manufacturers' agent, customer. C)producer, manufacturers' agent, distributor, customer. D)producer, customer.

Description : The most widely used business to business marketing channel is; A)producer, distributor, customer. B)producer, manufacturers' agent, customer. C)producer, manufacturers' agent, distributor, customer. D)producer, customer.

Last Answer : D)producer, customer.

Many food brokers are more accurately described as manufacturers' agents because they A)handle food products from a single manufacturer. B)provide assistance in grading, negotiating, and inspecting foods. C)have specialised knowledge of a particular commodity. D)provide services on a somewhat permanent basis and operate in specific geographic territories. E)charge higher commissions than most other brokers.

Description : Many food brokers are more accurately described as manufacturers' agents because they A)handle food products from a single manufacturer. B)provide assistance in grading, negotiating, and ... and operate in specific geographic territories. E)charge higher commissions than most other brokers.

Last Answer : D)provide services on a somewhat permanent basis and operate in specific geographic territories

4) The channel that includes both a manufacturer's agent and an industrial distributor may be appropriate under which of the following circumstances? A)When a marketer wishes to enter a new geographic market but does not wish to expand the existing sales force B)When the sales force is large and the marketer is thinking of cutting it down C)When customers are highly concentrated in one geographic area

Description : 4) The channel that includes both a manufacturer's agent and an industrial distributor may be appropriate under which of the following circumstances? A)When a marketer wishes to enter a new ... marketer is thinking of cutting it down C)When customers are highly concentrated in one geographic area

Last Answer : A)When a marketer wishes to enter a new geographic market but does not wish to expand the existing sales force

Most, but not all, marketing channels have marketing intermediaries. A marketing intermediary, sometimes called a middleman, A)is always a wholesaler. B)links producers to other middlemen or the ultimate users of the products. C)always sells products to retailers. D)does not take title to products.

Description : Most, but not all, marketing channels have marketing intermediaries. A marketing intermediary, sometimes called a middleman, A)is always a wholesaler. B)links producers to other middlemen or the ultimate users of the products. C)always sells products to retailers. D)does not take title to products.

Last Answer : B)links producers to other middlemen or the ultimate users of the products.

6) Nationally distributed consumer convenience products such as cigarettes are MOST likely distributed through which of the following channels? A)Producer, consumers B)Producer, agents, wholesalers, retailers, consumers C)Producer, wholesalers, consumers D)Producer, wholesalers, retailers, consumers E)Producer, industrial distributor, wholesalers, retailers, consumers

Description : 6) Nationally distributed consumer convenience products such as cigarettes are MOST likely distributed through which of the following channels? A)Producer, consumers B)Producer, agents, ... , wholesalers, retailers, consumers E)Producer, industrial distributor, wholesalers, retailers, consumers

Last Answer : D)Producer, wholesalers, retailers, consumers

Nationally distributed consumer convenience products such as cigarettes are MOSt likely distributed through which of the following channels ? 1. Producers - Consumers 2. Producer - Agents - Wholesalers - Retailers - Consumers 3. Producer - Wholesalers - Consumers 4. Producer - Wholesalers - Retailers - Consumers 5. Producer - Industrial Distributor - Wholesalers - Retailers – Consumers

Description : Nationally distributed consumer convenience products such as cigarettes are MOSt likely distributed through which of the following channels ? 1. Producers - Consumers 2. Producer - Agents - ... Retailers - Consumers 5. Producer - Industrial Distributor - Wholesalers - Retailers - Consumers

Last Answer : Producer - Wholesalers - Retailers - Consumers

A merchant wholesaler A)takes title and assumes risk and is generally involved in buying and reselling products. B)takes title and possession of goods and sells only to retailers. C)does not take title and possession of goods but may facilitate exchange between any two parties. D)deals exclusively with industrial products.

Description : A merchant wholesaler A)takes title and assumes risk and is generally involved in buying and reselling products. B)takes title and possession of goods and sells only to retailers. C)does ... of goods but may facilitate exchange between any two parties. D)deals exclusively with industrial products.

Last Answer : A)takes title and assumes risk and is generally involved in buying and reselling products.

The channel member that markets all of a manufacturer's output, has complete authority over price, promotion, and distribution, but does not take title to the product is a A)limited -line wholesaler. B)selling agent. C)commission merchant. D)manufacturers' agent. E)broker.

Description : The channel member that markets all of a manufacturer's output, has complete authority over price, promotion, and distribution, but does not take title to the product is a A)limited-line wholesaler. B)selling agent. C)commission merchant. D)manufacturers' agent. E)broker.

Last Answer : B)selling agent.

A manufacturer -owned middleman that sells products and provides support services for the manufacturer's sales force is called a sales A)branch. B)office. C)manager. D)broker. E)agent.

Description : A manufacturer -owned middleman that sells products and provides support services for the manufacturer's sales force is called a sales A)branch. B)office. C)manager. D)broker. E)agent.

Last Answer : A)branch

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic types of franchising arrangements? A)A producer franchising a number of stores to sell a particular brand of product. B)A wholesaler franchising a number of producers. C)A producer franchising a number of wholesalers to sell to retailers. D)The franchising of brand names, techniques, procedures, or services.

Description : Which of the following is NOT one of the basic types of franchising arrangements? A)A producer franchising a number of stores to sell a particular brand of product. B)A wholesaler franchising ... wholesalers to sell to retailers. D)The franchising of brand names, techniques, procedures, or services.

Last Answer : B)A wholesaler franchising a number of producers.

Historically, Knox PLC sold industrial clamps directly to firms using these items in their production process. Knox's Chairman believes that it may be time to start using an industrial distributor because of the ability of such firms to: A)provide Knox with market information. B)supply technical information to Knox. C)provide customers with more competitive pricing. D)carry a more complete line of Knox clamps. E)market the products to Knox specifications.

Description : Historically, Knox PLC sold industrial clamps directly to firms using these items in their production process. Knox's Chairman believes that it may be time to start using an industrial distributor because ... D)carry a more complete line of Knox clamps. E)market the products to Knox specifications.

Last Answer : A)provide Knox with market information.

What type of wholesaler is most often used for large -volume purchases of bulky goods like coal, oil, and chemicals? A)A rack jobber B)A truck wholesaler C)A drop shipper D)A cash -and -carry wholesaler E)A bulk distributor

Description : What type of wholesaler is most often used for large -volume purchases of bulky goods like coal, oil, and chemicals? A)A rack jobber B)A truck wholesaler C)A drop shipper D)A cash -and -carry wholesaler E)A bulk distributor

Last Answer : C)A drop shipper

Generally industrial buyers prefer to deal with: A)manufacturers' agents. B)producers. C)industrial distributors. D)wholesalers.

Description : Generally industrial buyers prefer to deal with: A)manufacturers' agents. B)producers. C)industrial distributors. D)wholesalers.

Last Answer : B)producers.

Which of the following is NOT a factor used to classify wholesalers? A)Whether the wholesaler is owned by the producer B)Whether the wholesaler takes title to the products it handles C)The range of services offered by the wholesaler D)The price range of the products carried by the wholesaler E)The breadth and depth of the product lines carried by the wholesaler

Description : Which of the following is NOT a factor used to classify wholesalers? A)Whether the wholesaler is owned by the producer B)Whether the wholesaler takes title to the products it handles C)The ... products carried by the wholesaler E)The breadth and depth of the product lines carried by the wholesaler

Last Answer : D)The price range of the products carried by the wholesale

The main reason a manufacturer may try to prohibit intermediaries from selling its products outside designated sales territories is to A)tighten its control over distribution of its products. B)discourage competition from other manufacturers. C)incorporate selective distribution. D)contain costs.

Description : The main reason a manufacturer may try to prohibit intermediaries from selling its products outside designated sales territories is to A)tighten its control over distribution of its products. B)discourage competition from other manufacturers. C)incorporate selective distribution. D)contain costs.

Last Answer : A)tighten its control over distribution of its products.

Tying agreements occur when a A)producer distributes the same product through two or more different channel structures. B)manufacturer forbids an intermediary to carry products of competing manufacturers. C)supplier furnishes a product to a channel member stipulating that the channel member must purchase other products as well. D)producer refuses to deal to channel members that seem unethical or illegitimate.

Description : Tying agreements occur when a A)producer distributes the same product through two or more different channel structures. B)manufacturer forbids an intermediary to carry products of competing manufacturers. C ... well. D)producer refuses to deal to channel members that seem unethical or illegitimate.

Last Answer : C)supplier furnishes a product to a channel member stipulating that the channel member must purchase other products as well.

Physical distribution A)is concerned mainly with speed of delivery. B)is used only by manufacturers. C)involves the movement of products from producers to end users. D)is primarily the wholesaler's responsibility.

Description : Physical distribution A)is concerned mainly with speed of delivery. B)is used only by manufacturers. C)involves the movement of products from producers to end users. D)is primarily the wholesaler's responsibility.

Last Answer : C)involves the movement of products from producers to end users.

Most, but not all, marketing channels have marketing intermediaries. A marketing intermediary, sometimes called a middleman 1. is always a wholesaler 2. links producers to other middlemen or the ultimate users of the products 3. always sells products to retailers 4. does not take title to products 5. none of these

Description : Most, but not all, marketing channels have marketing intermediaries. A marketing intermediary, sometimes called a middleman 1. is always a wholesaler 2. links producers to other middlemen or the ultimate ... always sells products to retailers 4. does not take title to products 5. none of these

Last Answer : links producers to other middlemen or the ultimate users of the products

__________ brands usually require a producer to become involved in distribution, promotion, and pricing decisions. A)Retailer B)Manufacturer C)Own label D)Wholesaler

Description : __________ brands usually require a producer to become involved in distribution, promotion, and pricing decisions. A)Retailer B)Manufacturer C)Own label D)Wholesaler

Last Answer : B)Manufacturer

The diagram represents - Producer -> Wholesaler/Distributor -> Retailer -> Consumer 1. Zero level channel 2. One level channel 3. Two level channel 4. Four level channel 5. None of these

Description : The diagram represents - Producer -> Wholesaler/Distributor -> Retailer -> Consumer 1. Zero level channel 2. One level channel 3. Two level channel 4. Four level channel 5. None of these

Last Answer : Two level channel

7) The marketing channel of producer to retailer to consumer is MOST likely to be used by producers of which of the following products? A)Chewing gum B)Tobacco C)Cars D)Hardware E)Cream crackers

Description : 7) The marketing channel of producer to retailer to consumer is MOST likely to be used by producers of which of the following products? A)Chewing gum B)Tobacco C)Cars D)Hardware E)Cream crackers

Last Answer : C)Cars

By using a wholesaler, Inversoft Ltd. has a distinct advantage because the specialised services performed by the wholesaler allow the firm to: A)focus on developing and manufacturing products that match consumers' needs and wants. B)focus on increasing production capacity and efficiency C)reduce manufacturing costs to retailers and provide quality merchandise to consumers.

Description : By using a wholesaler, Inversoft Ltd. has a distinct advantage because the specialised services performed by the wholesaler allow the firm to: A)focus on developing and manufacturing ... capacity and efficiency C)reduce manufacturing costs to retailers and provide quality merchandise to consumers.

Last Answer : A)focus on developing and manufacturing products that match consumers' needs and wants.

When Sally buys Vortex using a channel with only one intermediary, that intermediary is classified as a A)retailer. B)wholesaler. C)broker. D)functional middleman. E)producer.

Description : When Sally buys Vortex using a channel with only one intermediary, that intermediary is classified as a A)retailer. B)wholesaler. C)broker. D)functional middleman. E)producer.

Last Answer : A)retailer.

Kane Produce Ltd, a __________ , takes possession of truckloads of tomatoes, arranges for storage, and transports them to auctions to be sold. A)manufacturer's agent B)selling agent C)commission broker D)commission merchant E)selling broker

Description : Kane Produce Ltd, a __________ , takes possession of truckloads of tomatoes, arranges for storage, and transports them to auctions to be sold. A)manufacturer's agent B)selling agent C)commission broker D)commission merchant E)selling broker

Last Answer : D)commission merchant

A merchant wholesaler 1. takes title and assumes risk and is generally involved in buying and reselling products 2. takes title and possession of goods and sells only to retailers 3. does not take title and possession of goods but may facilitate 4. deals exclusively with industrial products 5. none of these

Description : A merchant wholesaler 1. takes title and assumes risk and is generally involved in buying and reselling products 2. takes title and possession of goods and sells only to retailers 3. does ... of goods but may facilitate 4. deals exclusively with industrial products 5. none of these

Last Answer : takes title and assumes risk and is generally involved in buying and reselling products

The major characteristic of own label brands is that A)only retailers initiate and own the brand. B)manufacturers are not identified on the product. C)producers become involved with the marketing mix. D)producers are identified on the product.

Description : The major characteristic of own label brands is that A)only retailers initiate and own the brand. B)manufacturers are not identified on the product. C)producers become involved with the marketing mix. D)producers are identified on the product.

Last Answer : B)manufacturers are not identified on the product

Sally McRae is to establish her own fashion wholesaling firm. Because of the risks involved in the rapid obsolescence of high -fashion items, she does not want to establish an organisation in which she has title to the garments. She has ruled out which of the following types of wholesale establishments? A)Merchant wholesaler B)Agent C)Broker D)Functional middleman

Description : Sally McRae is to establish her own fashion wholesaling firm. Because of the risks involved in the rapid obsolescence of high -fashion items, she does not want to establish an ... the following types of wholesale establishments? A)Merchant wholesaler B)Agent C)Broker D)Functional middleman

Last Answer : A)Merchant wholesaler

A manufacturer owned middleman that sells products and provides support services for the manufacturer's sales force is called a sales ___________ 1. branch 2. office 3. manager 4. broker 5. agent

Description : A manufacturer owned middleman that sells products and provides support services for the manufacturer's sales force is called a sales ___________ 1. branch 2. office 3. manager 4. broker 5. agent

Last Answer : branch

Ralph Lauren sells Polo products through department stores as well as in its own specialty shops. The designer uses __________ as a channel strategy. A)channel extension B)intermediary exclusion C)broker utilisation D)dual distribution E)channel diversification

Description : Ralph Lauren sells Polo products through department stores as well as in its own specialty shops. The designer uses __________ as a channel strategy. A)channel extension B)intermediary exclusion C)broker utilisation D)dual distribution E)channel diversification

Last Answer : D)dual distribution

Walton Food Products decided to use agents to reach industrial accounts several years ago. Logically, this decision was based on which one of the following? A)Steady demand for the firm's products B)Walton's desire to stay close to its customers C)Walton's desire to reduce selling costs D)The willingness of agents to provide market information

Description : Walton Food Products decided to use agents to reach industrial accounts several years ago. Logically, this decision was based on which one of the following? A)Steady demand for the firm's ... C)Walton's desire to reduce selling costs D)The willingness of agents to provide market information

Last Answer : C)Walton's desire to reduce selling costs

A cash -and -carry wholesaler would be expected to A)provide transportation. B)handle high turnover products. C)provide credit. D)carry a wide variety of products. E)provide a wide range of services.

Description : A cash -and -carry wholesaler would be expected to A)provide transportation. B)handle high turnover products. C)provide credit. D)carry a wide variety of products. E)provide a wide range of services.

Last Answer : B)handle high turnover products

Which type of wholesaler not only provides transportation and delivers products to retailers, but also provides the service of placing products on retailers' shelves? A)Truck wholesaler B)Cash -and -carry wholesaler C)Rack jobber D)Drop shipper E)Mai l -order wholesaler

Description : Which type of wholesaler not only provides transportation and delivers products to retailers, but also provides the service of placing products on retailers' shelves? A)Truck wholesaler B)Cash -and -carry wholesaler C)Rack jobber D)Drop shipper E)Mai l -order wholesaler

Last Answer : C)Rack jobber

Delta Air Lines wishes to purchase five new aeroplanes. Management seeks information from several aircraft manufacturers, screens the offers, and discusses price and terms of sale with the preferred company until a transaction is completed. This method of pricing is: A)administered. B)sealed bid. C)open bid. D)negotiated.

Description : Delta Air Lines wishes to purchase five new aeroplanes. Management seeks information from several aircraft manufacturers, screens the offers, and discusses price and terms of sale with the preferred company until a ... method of pricing is: A)administered. B)sealed bid. C)open bid. D)negotiated.

Last Answer : D)negotiated.

During her first call on Becker Industries, Rhonda is told by the senior purchasing agent that this firm, like most industrial buyers, has two major complaints with its suppliers. If Rhonda's firm is to get and keep Becker's business, it must pay particular attention to product quality and: A)low prices. B)stable prices. C)packaging problems. D)sales support. E)on -time delivery.

Description : During her first call on Becker Industries, Rhonda is told by the senior purchasing agent that this firm, like most industrial buyers, has two major complaints with its suppliers. If Rhonda's firm is to ... A)low prices. B)stable prices. C)packaging problems. D)sales support. E)on-time delivery.

Last Answer : E)on-time delivery.

A limited -line wholesaler would be expected to carry a __________ product mix. A)wide and deep B)wide and shallow C)narrow and shallow D)wide E)narrow and deep

Description : A limited -line wholesaler would be expected to carry a __________ product mix. A)wide and deep B)wide and shallow C)narrow and shallow D)wide E)narrow and deep

Last Answer : E)narrow and deep

ools Inc. buys hammers, bolts and other hardware items and sells them to hardware shops at a price that includes a profit. Tools Inc. would be part of what kind of market? A)reseller B)producer C)institutional D)government

Description : ools Inc. buys hammers, bolts and other hardware items and sells them to hardware shops at a price that includes a profit. Tools Inc. would be part of what kind of market? A)reseller B)producer C)institutional D)government

Last Answer : A)reseller

St. Michael, the brand of Marks and Spencer, is an example of __________ brand. A)a manufacture r B)a generic C)a wholesaler D)an own label

Description : St. Michael, the brand of Marks and Spencer, is an example of __________ brand. A)a manufacturer B)a generic C)a wholesaler D)an own label

Last Answer : D)an own label

The fact that organisational customers purchase products to be used directly or indirectly in the production of goods and services to satisfy customers' needs means that demand for industrial products is: A)joint B)economically stable C)derived D)inelastic E)more fluctuating

Description : The fact that organisational customers purchase products to be used directly or indirectly in the production of goods and services to satisfy customers' needs means that demand for industrial products is: A)joint B)economically stable C)derived D)inelastic E)more fluctuating

Last Answer : C)derived

1) Individuals and business organisations that purchase products for the purpose of making profit either by using the products to produce other products or by using them in their operations are classified as: A)reseller markets B)institutional markets C)producer markets D)government markets

Description : 1) Individuals and business organisations that purchase products for the purpose of making profit either by using the products to produce other products or by using them in their operations are classified as: A)reseller markets B)institutional markets C)producer markets D)government markets

Last Answer : C)producer markets

The primary purpose of a broker is to A)take title to a producer's goods before selling them to retailers or consumers. B)sell directly to the final consumer. C)supply products in the food industry by developing permanent, trusting relationships with buyers. D)sell directly to producers. E)bring buyers and sellers together.

Description : The primary purpose of a broker is to A)take title to a producer's goods before selling them to retailers or consumers. B)sell directly to the final consumer. C)supply products in ... permanent, trusting relationships with buyers. D)sell directly to producers. E)bring buyers and sellers together.

Last Answer : E)bring buyers and sellers together.

Large retailers such as Tesco and Marks and Spencer are MOST likely to participate in which of the following channels? A)Producer, industrial distributors, retailers, consumers B)Producer, consumers C)Producer, wholesalers, retailers, consumers D)Producer, retailers, consumers E)Producer, agents, wholesalers, retailers, consumers 8) Which of the following statements is considered to be a DISADVANTAGE of using

Description : Large retailers such as Tesco and Marks and Spencer are MOST likely to participate in which of the following channels? A)Producer, industrial distributors, retailers, consumers B)Producer, consumers C) ... , consumers 8) Which of the following statements is considered to be a DISADVANTAGE of using

Last Answer : D)Producer, retailers, consumers

A marketing plan A)is characteristic of production -oriented firms and other mass producers. B)provides a framework for implementing and controlling marketing activities. C)always increases the marketing manager's operating costs. D)produces plans that are short -term in orientation. E)restricts the marketing manager's future options.

Description : A marketing plan A)is characteristic of production -oriented firms and other mass producers. B)provides a framework for implementing and controlling marketing activities. C)always increases the marketing ... are short -term in orientation. E)restricts the marketing manager's future options.s.

Last Answer : B)provides a framework for implementing and controlling marketing activities

Henderson Synthetics' management believes that several of the firm's products could have sizeable markets in other countries. In an attempt to maintain a low level of commitment with minimum effort and cost, Henderson would engage in in international marketing through A)contracting. B)exporting. C)joint ventures. D)licensing. E)subsidiaries.

Description : Henderson Synthetics' management believes that several of the firm's products could have sizeable markets in other countries. In an attempt to maintain a low level of commitment with minimum effort and ... through A)contracting. B)exporting. C)joint ventures. D)licensing. E)subsidiaries.

Last Answer : B)exporting.

A marketer of industrial cleaning equipment is creating a marketing mix to satisfy potential customers. As a business to business marketer which of the following is LEAST likely to be included in the company's marketing mix? A)Machine servicing B)A higher price for higher -quality products C)Technical advice about the product D)Credit extension E)Extensive television advertising

Description : A marketer of industrial cleaning equipment is creating a marketing mix to satisfy potential customers. As a business to business marketer which of the following is LEAST likely to be ... -quality products C)Technical advice about the product D)Credit extension E)Extensive television advertising

Last Answer : E)Extensive television advertising

The perception of price depends on A)a product's actual price and consumers' expectations regarding price. B)a consumer's analysis of competitive prices. C)a consumer's expectation of price. D)a product's actual price compared with the manufacturer's suggested price.

Description : The perception of price depends on A)a product's actual price and consumers' expectations regarding price. B)a consumer's analysis of competitive prices. C)a consumer's expectation of price. D)a product's actual price compared with the manufacturer's suggested price.

Last Answer : A)a product's actual price and consumers' expectations regarding price.

In ------- bidding, several industrial sellers are asked to submit bids, and the amounts of the bids are made public. A)sealed B)negotiated C)solicited D)petitioned E)open

Description : In ------- bidding, several industrial sellers are asked to submit bids, and the amounts of the bids are made public. A)sealed B)negotiated C)solicited D)petitioned E)open

Last Answer : E)open

The main reason a manufacturer may try to prohibit intermediaries from selling its products outside designated sales territories is to 1. tighten its control over distribution of its products 2. discourage competition from other manufacturers 3. incorporate selective distribution 4. contain costs 5. none of these

Description : The main reason a manufacturer may try to prohibit intermediaries from selling its products outside designated sales territories is to 1. tighten its control over distribution of its products 2. ... other manufacturers 3. incorporate selective distribution 4. contain costs 5. none of these

Last Answer : tighten its control over distribution of its products

The appearance of the production facilities and the interpersonal skills of actual service providers are critical in __________ services. A)low -contact B)equipment -based C)industrial D)high -contact E)nonprofessional

Description : The appearance of the production facilities and the interpersonal skills of actual service providers are critical in __________ services. A)low-contact B)equipment-based C)industrial D)high-contact E)nonprofessional

Last Answer : D)high-contact