For me, I learned a lot about my bike from getting into accidents on it and taking it into the shop to get worked on (I know, probably not the most effective or pleasant way to go about learning) BUT! I’m a lot more aware of qualities about my bike than before! Also, if you have any friends that work on bikes or that are good with them you could ask them to help you learn stuff about it, or even purchase a frame and make a project out of constructing a bike from that.