answer:Starling flocks have no leader. Each bird in the flock obeys a few simple rules: Stick with your own kind, maintain your “personal space” envelope (tight to each side, but roomier in front), and follow the direction of the flock. Computer simulations have demonstrated that these basic rules are sufficient to create a virtual flock that behaves very much like a starling flock. The way turns are initiated and propagated in the flock is simple too. In starling flocks, each individual bird monitors the motion of the seven nearest birds in the flock. This means that it doesn’t have to wait until the bird next door moves to know that the change is coming. It’s similar to the way a “wave” moves through the crowd at a football stadium. Only birds have much faster reaction times than humans, so the turn can propagate through the whole flock in milliseconds. Any one bird in the flock can initiate a change in direction, and the whole flock will respond just by following these rules.