Gradient:-It is the rate of rise or fall of ground with respective to horizontal, is known as Gradient OR The longitudinal slope provided along the length of road, is known as Gradient.
Types of gradient –
1) Ruling gradient – The gradient which is commonly provided under normal condition is known as ruling gradient.
2) Limiting gradient – The maximum gradient provided more than ruling gradient due to topography, is known as limiting gradient.
3) Exceptional gradient – The gradient provided in extraordinary situation (very short length road) is known as exceptional gradient.
4) Floating gradient – The gradient provided such that vehicle will move with constant speed without application of brakes or power, is known as floating gradient.
5) Minimum gradient – The minimum value of gradient provided for removal of water, is known as minimum gradient.
6) Average Gradient – The average of both maximum and minimum gradient can be considered as average gradient.