A CPA firm would be reasonable assured of meeting its responsibility to provide professional services that conform with professional standards by: a. Adherence to GAAS b. Maintaining an attitude of independence in its engagements. c. Having an appropriate a system of quality control. d. Joining professional societies that enforce ethical standards

A CPA firm would be reasonable assured of
meeting its responsibility to provide
professional services that conform with
professional standards by:
a. Adherence to GAAS
b. Maintaining an attitude of independence
in its engagements.
c. Having an appropriate a system of
quality control.
d. Joining professional societies that enforce
ethical standards
by

1 Answer

Answer :

Having an appropriate a system of
quality control.
by

Related questions

A CPA firm would be reasonably assured of meeting its responsibility to provide professional services that conform with professional standards by: a. Maintaining an attitude of independence in its engagements. b. Adherence to generally accepted auditing standards. c. Having an appropriate a system of quality control. d. Continuing professional education.

Description : A CPA firm would be reasonably assured of meeting its responsibility to provide professional services that conform with professional standards by: a. Maintaining an attitude of independence in its ... c. Having an appropriate a system of quality control. d. Continuing professional education.

Last Answer : Having an appropriate a system of quality contro

The firm should establish a system of quality control designed to provide it with reasonable assurance regarding: a. Compliance with professional standards b. Compliance with regulatory and legal requirements c. Appropriateness of reports issued by the firm or engagement partners d. All of the above

Description : The firm should establish a system of quality control designed to provide it with reasonable assurance regarding: a. Compliance with professional standards b. Compliance with regulatory and legal requirements c. Appropriateness of reports issued by the firm or engagement partners d. All of the above

Last Answer : All of the above

The QRC shall have the following functions: a. Conduct quality control review on applicants for registration to practice public accountancy and render a report on such quality review. b. Mete out sentences of imprisonment to CPAs who fail to present a valid system of quality control. c. Revoke the certificate of registration and professional ID of an individual CPA, firm, or partnership of CPAs who have not observed quality control measures and who has not complied with the standards of quality prescribed for the practice of public accountancy. d. All of these

Description : The QRC shall have the following functions: a. Conduct quality control review on applicants for registration to practice public accountancy and render a report on such quality review. b. Mete out ... with the standards of quality prescribed for the practice of public accountancy. d. All of these

Last Answer : Conduct quality control review on applicants for registration to practice public accountancy and render a report on such quality review.

In connection with the element of professional development, a CPA firm's system of quality control should ordinarily provide that all personnel a. Possess judgment, motivation, and adequate experience. b. Seek assistance from persons having appropriate level of knowledge, judgment, and authority. c. Demonstrate compliance with peer review directives. d. Have the knowledge required to enable them to fulfill responsibilities assigned.

Description : In connection with the element of professional development, a CPA firm's system of quality control should ordinarily provide that all personnel a. Possess judgment, motivation, and adequate ... review directives. d. Have the knowledge required to enable them to fulfill responsibilities assigned.

Last Answer : Have the knowledge required to enable them to fulfill responsibilities assigned.

The firm is to be staffed by personnel who have attained and maintained the technical standards and professional competence required to enable them to fulfill their responsibilities with due care is the objective of what quality control policy? a. Ethical requirements b. Leadership responsibilities c. Assignment d. Monitoring

Description : The firm is to be staffed by personnel who have attained and maintained the technical standards and professional competence required to enable them to fulfill their responsibilities with due care ... control policy? a. Ethical requirements b. Leadership responsibilities c. Assignment d. Monitoring

Last Answer : b

A process comprising an ongoing consideration and evaluation of the firm's system of quality control, including a periodic inspection of a selection of completed engagements, designed to enable the firm to obtain reasonable assurance that its system of quality control is operating effectively. a. Inspection b. Monitoring c. Peer review d. Engagement quality control review

Description : A process comprising an ongoing consideration and evaluation of the firm's system of quality control, including a periodic inspection of a selection of completed engagements, designed to enable the firm ... effectively. a. Inspection b. Monitoring c. Peer review d. Engagement quality control review

Last Answer : Monitoring

Which of the following statements is true? a. Professional standards prohibit CPAs from performing non-assurance engagements. b. Absolute assurance is attainable owing to the fact that much of the evidence available to the CPA is persuasive rather than conclusive. c. The CPA’s conclusion provides a level of assurance about the subject matter. d. The responsible party expresses a conclusion that provides a level of assurance as to whether the subject matter conforms, in all material respects, with the identified suitable criteria

Description : Which of the following statements is true? a. Professional standards prohibit CPAs from performing non-assurance engagements. b. Absolute assurance is attainable owing to the fact that much of ... to whether the subject matter conforms, in all material respects, with the identified suitable criteria

Last Answer : The CPA’s conclusion provides a level of assurance about the subject matter.

The objective of quality control mandates that a public accounting firm should establish policies and procedures for professional development which provide reasonable assurance that all entry-level personnel a. Prepare working papers which are standardized in form and content. b. Will advance within the organization. c. Develop specialties in specific areas of public accounting. d. Have the knowledge required to enable them to fulfill responsibilities assigned

Description : The objective of quality control mandates that a public accounting firm should establish policies and procedures for professional development which provide reasonable assurance that all entry-level ... accounting. d. Have the knowledge required to enable them to fulfill responsibilities assigned

Last Answer : Have the knowledge required to enable them to fulfill responsibilities assigned

Which of the following best describes why publicly-traded corporations follow the practice of having the outside auditor appointed by the board of directors or elected by the stockholders? a. To comply with the regulations of the Accounting Standards Council. b. To emphasize auditor independence from the management of the corporation. c. To encourage a policy of rotation of the independent auditors. d. To provide the corporate owners with an opportunity to voice their opinion concerning the quality of the auditing firm selected by the director

Description : Which of the following best describes why publicly-traded corporations follow the practice of having the outside auditor appointed by the board of directors or elected by the stockholders? a. ... opportunity to voice their opinion concerning the quality of the auditing firm selected by the director

Last Answer : To emphasize auditor independence from the management of the corporation

To emphasize auditor independence from management, many corporations follow the practice of a. Appointing a partner of the CPA firm conducting the examination to the corporation's audit committee. b. Establishing a policy of discouraging social contact between employees of the corporation and the staff of the independent auditor. c. Requesting that a representative of the independent auditor be on hand at the annual stockholders' meeting. d. Having the independent auditor report to an audit committee of outside members of the board of directors

Description : To emphasize auditor independence from management, many corporations follow the practice of a. Appointing a partner of the CPA firm conducting the examination to the corporation's audit committee. b ... the independent auditor report to an audit committee of outside members of the board of directors

Last Answer : Having the independent auditor report to an audit committee of outside members of the board of directors

CPAs in public practice who perform assurance engagements are governed by the following, except a. Framework for Assurance Engagements b. Philippine Standards on Quality Control c. Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants in the Philippines d. AASC's Engagement Standards (PSAs, PSREs, PSAEs, and PSRSs

Description : CPAs in public practice who perform assurance engagements are governed by the following, except a. Framework for Assurance Engagements b. Philippine Standards on Quality Control c. Code of Ethics for ... Accountants in the Philippines d. AASC's Engagement Standards (PSAs, PSREs, PSAEs, and PSRSs

Last Answer : AASC's Engagement Standards (PSAs, PSREs, PSAEs, and PSRSs

The following procedures relate to Skills and Competence, except a. Identify criteria which will be considered in evaluating individual performance and expected proficiency. b. Provide procedures for maintaining the firm's standards of quality for the work performed. c. Establish qualifications and guidelines for evaluating potential hirees at each professional level. d. Provide, to the extent necessary, programs to fill the firm's needs for personnel with expertise in specialized and industries.

Description : The following procedures relate to Skills and Competence, except a. Identify criteria which will be considered in evaluating individual performance and expected proficiency. b. Provide procedures for ... to fill the firm's needs for personnel with expertise in specialized and industries.

Last Answer : Provide procedures for maintaining the firm's standards of quality for the work performed.

A CPA, while performing an audit, strives to achieve independence in appearance in order to: a. Reduce risk and liability. b. Become independent in fact. c. Comply with GAAS. d. Maintain public confidence in the profession.

Description : A CPA, while performing an audit, strives to achieve independence in appearance in order to: a. Reduce risk and liability. b. Become independent in fact. c. Comply with GAAS. d. Maintain public confidence in the profession.

Last Answer : Maintain public confidence in the profession.

A violation of the ethical standards would most likely have occurred when a CPA a. Made arrangement with a bank to collect notes issued by a client in payment of fees due. b. Joined an accounting firm made up of three non-CPA practitioners. c. Issued an unqualified opinion on the 2006 financial statements when fees for the 2005 audit were unpaid. d. Purchased a bookkeeping firm's practice of monthly write-ups for a percentage of fees received over a three-year period

Description : A violation of the ethical standards would most likely have occurred when a CPA a. Made arrangement with a bank to collect notes issued by a client in payment of fees due. b. Joined an ... bookkeeping firm's practice of monthly write-ups for a percentage of fees received over a three-year period

Last Answer : Issued an unqualified opinion on the 2006 financial statements when fees for the 2005 audit were unpaid

A violation of the ethical standards would most likely have occurred when a CPA a. Made arrangement with a bank to collect notes issued by a client in payment of fees due. b. Joined an accounting firm made up of three non-CPA practitioners. c. Issued an unqualified opinion on the 2010 financial statements when fees for the 2009 audit were unpaid. d. Purchased a bookkeeping firm's practice of monthly write-ups for a percentage of fees received over a three-year period.

Description : A violation of the ethical standards would most likely have occurred when a CPA a. Made arrangement with a bank to collect notes issued by a client in payment of fees due. b. Joined an accounting ... firm's practice of monthly write-ups for a percentage of fees received over a three-year period.

Last Answer : Issued an unqualified opinion on the 2010 financial statements when fees for the 2009 audit were unpaid

In pursuing a CPA firm's quality control objectives, a CPA firm may maintain records indicating which partners or employees of the CPA firm were previously employed by the CPA firm's clients. Which quality control element would this be most likely to satisfy? a. Monitoring. b. Human resources. c. Ethical requirements. d. Engagement performance

Description : In pursuing a CPA firm's quality control objectives, a CPA firm may maintain records indicating which partners or employees of the CPA firm were previously employed by the CPA firm's clients. Which ... to satisfy? a. Monitoring. b. Human resources. c. Ethical requirements. d. Engagement performance

Last Answer : Ethical requirements.

The Philippine Standards on Quality Control (PSQCs) are to be applied to a. Assurance engagements only. b. Review engagements only. c. Compilation and review engagements only. d. All services that fall under the AASC's engagement standards.

Description : The Philippine Standards on Quality Control (PSQCs) are to be applied to a. Assurance engagements only. b. Review engagements only. c. Compilation and review engagements only. d. All services that fall under the AASC's engagement standards.

Last Answer : All services that fall under the AASC's engagement standards.

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the Philippine Standards on Assurance Engagements (PSAE)? a. It provides an overall framework for assurance engagements intended to provide either a high or moderate level of assurance. b. When a professional accountant is engaged to perform an assurance engagement for which specific standards exist, those standards apply. c. It provides basic principles and essential procedures for engagements intended to provide a moderate level of assurance. d. If no specific standards exist for an assurance engagement, PSAE apply

Description : Which of the following is incorrect regarding the Philippine Standards on Assurance Engagements (PSAE)? a. It provides an overall framework for assurance engagements intended to provide either a high or ... level of assurance. d. If no specific standards exist for an assurance engagement, PSAE apply

Last Answer : It provides basic principles and essential procedures for engagements intended to provide a moderate level of assurance.

The implementation of quality control procedures that are applicable to the individual audit engagement is the responsibility of the a. CPA firm. b. Engagement quality control reviewerc. Expert contracted by the firm inconnection with the audit engagement.d. Engagement team

Description : The implementation of quality control procedures that are applicable to the individual audit engagement is the responsibility of the a. CPA firm. b. Engagement quality control reviewer c. Expert contracted by the firm in connection with the audit engagement. d. Engagement team

Last Answer : Engagement team

Quality control procedures are applicable to the individual audit engagement. The implementation of such quality control procedures is responsibility of the: a. CPA firm. b. Engagement team. c. Quality control reviewer. d. Manager assigned to the engagement

Description : Quality control procedures are applicable to the individual audit engagement. The implementation of such quality control procedures is responsibility of the: a. CPA firm. b. Engagement team. c. Quality control reviewer. d. Manager assigned to the engagement

Last Answer : Engagement team

Which of the following statements is true? a. An independent auditor must be a CPA. b. Compliance audits are conducted to determine adherence to rules and regulations set by the auditor. c. An audit, if properly conducted, ensures that fraud is prevented. d. After conducting an audit and release of the auditor’s report, the primary responsibility on the fairness of the financial statements is shifted to the auditor

Description : Which of the following statements is true? a. An independent auditor must be a CPA. b. Compliance audits are conducted to determine adherence to rules and regulations set by the auditor. c. ... s report, the primary responsibility on the fairness of the financial statements is shifted to the auditor

Last Answer : An independent auditor must be a CPA.

Most accounting and auditing professionals agree that when an audit has failed to uncover material misstatements, and the wrong type of audit opinion is issued, the audit firm a. Has failed to follow generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS). b. Should be asked to defend thequality of the audit.c. Deserves to lose the lawsuit.d. Should not be held responsible for thefinancial loss suffered loss suffered byothers

Description : Most accounting and auditing professionals agree that when an audit has failed to uncover material misstatements, and the wrong type of audit opinion is issued, the audit firm a. Has failed to ... lawsuit. d. Should not be held responsible for the financial loss suffered loss suffered by others

Last Answer : Should be asked to defend the quality of the audit

In determining the scope and nature of services to be performed in public practice, a CPA firm should a. Have in place internal control procedures b. Only perform accounting related services c. Require independence for all services performed d. Determine that the performance of all services is consistent with the firm's members' role as professionals

Description : In determining the scope and nature of services to be performed in public practice, a CPA firm should a. Have in place internal control procedures b. Only perform accounting related services c. ... that the performance of all services is consistent with the firm's members' role as professionals

Last Answer : Determine that the performance of all services is consistent with the firm's members' role as professionals

Which of the following is not one of the general principles governing the audit of financial statements? a. The auditor should conduct the audit in accordance with PSA. b. The auditor should comply with the Philippine Code of Professional Ethics. c. The auditor should plan and perform the audit with an attitude of professional skepticism. d. The auditor should obtain sufficient appropriate evidence primarily through inquiry and analyticaprocedures to be able to draw reasonable conclusions.l

Description : Which of the following is not one of the general principles governing the audit of financial statements? a. The auditor should conduct the audit in accordance with PSA. b. The ... appropriate evidence primarily through inquiry and analytical procedures to be able to draw reasonable conclusions.

Last Answer : The auditor should obtain sufficient appropriate evidence primarily through inquiry and analytical procedures to be able to draw reasonable conclusions

A CPA establishes quality control policies and procedures for deciding whether to accept a new client or continue to perform services for a current client. The primary purpose for establishing such policies and procedures is a. To enable the auditor to attest to the integrity or reliability of a client. b. To comply with the quality control standards established by regulatory bodies. c. To minimize the likelihood of association with clients whosemanagement lacks integrity.d. To lessen the exposure to litigationresulting from failure to detectirregularities in client financialstatements

Description : A CPA establishes quality control policies and procedures for deciding whether to accept a new client or continue to perform services for a current client. The primary purpose ... resulting from failure to detect irregularities in client financial statements association with clients whose

Last Answer : To minimize the likelihood of association with clients whose management lacks integrity

The practitioner makes a critical assessment of validity of audit evidence, with a questioning mind and being alert to conditions which may indicate possible misstatement due to error or fraud. a. Objectivity and integrity b. Professional c. Independence is mental attitude d. Sufficient appropriate evidence

Description : The practitioner makes a critical assessment of validity of audit evidence, with a questioning mind and being alert to conditions which may indicate possible misstatement due to error or ... integrity b. Professional skepticism c. Independence is mental attitude d. Sufficient appropriate evidence

Last Answer : Professional skepticism

Whenever a CPA professional is engaged to perform an audit of financial statements according to Philippine Standards on Auditing, he required to comply with those standards in order to a. Eliminate audit risk. b. Eliminate the professional judgment in resolving audit issues. c. Have a measure of the quality of audit performance. d. To reduce the audit program to be prepared by the auditor.

Description : Whenever a CPA professional is engaged to perform an audit of financial statements according to Philippine Standards on Auditing, he required to comply with those standards in order to a. Eliminate audit risk ... of audit performance. d. To reduce the audit program to be prepared by the auditor.

Last Answer : Have a measure of the quality of audit performance.

.In which of the following instances would the independence of the CPA not be considered to be impaired? The CPA has been retained as the auditor of a brokerage firm a. Which owes the CPA audit fees for more than one year. b. In which the CPA has a large active margin account. c. In which the CPA's brother is the controller. d. Which owes the CPA audit fees for services in the current year and has just filed a petition for bankruptcy

Description : .In which of the following instances would the independence of the CPA not be considered to be impaired? The CPA has been retained as the auditor of a brokerage firm a. Which owes the CPA audit ... owes the CPA audit fees for services in the current year and has just filed a petition for bankruptcy

Last Answer : Which owes the CPA audit fees for services in the current year and has just filed a petition for bankruptcy

In which of the following instances would the independence of the CPA not be considered to be impaired? The CPA has been retained as the auditor of a brokerage firm a. Which owes the CPA audit fees for more than one year. b. In which the CPA has a large active margin account. c. In which the CPA’s brother is the controller. d. Which owes the CPA audit fees for the current year services and jusfiled a petition for bankruptcyt

Description : In which of the following instances would the independence of the CPA not be considered to be impaired? The CPA has been retained as the auditor of a brokerage firm a. Which owes the CPA audit ... . Which owes the CPA audit fees for the current year services and just filed a petition for bankruptcy

Last Answer : Which owes the CPA audit fees for the current year services and justfiled a petition for bankruptcy

Compliance with the independence requirement is necessary whenever a CPA performs: a. Non-assurance services b. Professional services c. Tax consultancy services d. Assurance services

Description : Compliance with the independence requirement is necessary whenever a CPA performs: a. Non-assurance services b. Professional services c. Tax consultancy services d. Assurance services

Last Answer : Assurance services

Which of the following is required if the professional accountant uses experts who are not professional accountants? a. The professional accountant is discouraged to engage the services of experts who are not a professional accountant. b. The ultimate responsibility for the professional service is assumed by the expert who is not a professional accountant. c. The professional accountant must take steps to see that such experts are aware of the ethical requirements of the profession. d. Experts who are not professional accountants need not be informed of ethical requirements because they are not members of the Accountancy profession

Description : Which of the following is required if the professional accountant uses experts who are not professional accountants? a. The professional accountant is discouraged to engage the services of experts ... not be informed of ethical requirements because they are not members of the Accountancy profession

Last Answer : The professional accountant must take steps to see that such experts are aware of the ethical requirements of the profession.

What is the responsibility of an auditor who is engaged to audit the financial statements of a government entity? a. Assess control risk with respect to each component of internal control. b. Assume responsibility for assuring that the entity complies with applicable laws and regulations. c. Obtain an understanding of the possible financial statement effects of laws and regulations having direct and material effects on amounts reported. d. Design the audit to provide reasonable assurance that the statements are free of material misstatements resulting from illegal acts having direct or indirect effects

Description : What is the responsibility of an auditor who is engaged to audit the financial statements of a government entity? a. Assess control risk with respect to each component of internal ... the statements are free of material misstatements resulting from illegal acts having direct or indirect effects

Last Answer : Obtain an understanding of the possible financial statement effects of laws and regulations having direct and material effects on amounts reported.

Which of the following statements is true? a. Assurance engagements do not require independence. b. The term “auditor” is broader in scope compared to the term “practitioner.” c. Assurance engagements performed by professional accountants are intended to enhance the credibility of information. d. The degree or level of assurance that may be provided by the practitioner is inversely related to the scope of procedures performed and their results

Description : Which of the following statements is true? a. Assurance engagements do not require independence. b. The term auditor is broader in scope compared to the term practitioner. c. Assurance ... be provided by the practitioner is inversely related to the scope of procedures performed and their results

Last Answer : Assurance engagements performed by professional accountants are intended to enhance the credibility of information.

The audit work performed by each assistant should be reviewed to determine whether it was adequately performed and to evaluate whether the a. Results are consistent with the conclusions to be presented in the auditor's report. b. Audit procedures performed are approved in the professional standards. c. Audit has been performed by persons having adequate technical training and proficiency as auditors. d. Auditor's system of quality control has been maintained at a high leve

Description : The audit work performed by each assistant should be reviewed to determine whether it was adequately performed and to evaluate whether the a. Results are consistent with the conclusions to be presented in the ... as auditors. d. Auditor's system of quality control has been maintained at a high leve

Last Answer : Results are consistent with the conclusions to be presented in the auditor's report.

The Code of Professional Ethics states, in part, that a CPA should maintain integrity and objectivity. Objectivity refers to the CPA's ability to a. Determine accounting practices that were consistently applied. b. Maintain an impartial attitude on all matters which come under his review. c. Determine the materiality of items. d. Insist on all matters regarding audit procedures.

Description : The Code of Professional Ethics states, in part, that a CPA should maintain integrity and objectivity. Objectivity refers to the CPA's ability to a. Determine accounting practices that were consistently ... . c. Determine the materiality of items. d. Insist on all matters regarding audit procedures.

Last Answer : Maintain an impartial attitude on all matters which come under his review.

The Code of Professional Ethics states, in part, that a CPA should maintain integrity and objectivity. Objectivity refers to the CPA's ability to a. Insist on all matters regarding audit procedures. b. Determine the materiality of items. c. Determine accounting practices that were consistently applied. d. Maintain an impartial attitude on all matters which come under his review

Description : The Code of Professional Ethics states, in part, that a CPA should maintain integrity and objectivity. Objectivity refers to the CPA's ability to a. Insist on all matters regarding audit ... were consistently applied. d. Maintain an impartial attitude on all matters which come under his review

Last Answer : Maintain an impartial attitude on all matters which come under his review

Assurance engagements should exhibit the following elements except a. A subject matter b. Suitable criteria c. Evidence d. Appropriate professional fees

Description : Assurance engagements should exhibit the following elements except a. A subject matter b. Suitable criteria c. Evidence d. Appropriate professional fees

Last Answer : Appropriate professional fees

Engagement letters are widely used in practice for professional engagements of all types. The primary purpose of the engagement letter is toa. Remind management of its primaryresponsibility over the financialstatements.b. Satisfy the requirements of the Code ofProfessional Conduct for CPAs.c. Provide a starting point for the auditor'spreparation of the preliminary auditprogram.d. Provide a written record of theagreement with the client as to theservices to be provided.

Description : Engagement letters are widely used in practice for professional engagements of all types. The primary purpose of the engagement letter is to a. Remind management of its primary responsibility over the financial ... a written record of the agreement with the client as to the services to be provided.

Last Answer : Provide a written record of the agreement with the client as to the services to be provided.

It involves a study or evaluation of the quality of audit of financial statements through a review of quality control measures established by on CPA firms and individual CPAs in public practice to ensure compliance with accounting and auditing standards and practices a. External audit b. Compliance audit c. Peer review d. Quality review

Description : It involves a study or evaluation of the quality of audit of financial statements through a review of quality control measures established by on CPA firms and individual CPAs in public practice to ... standards and practices a. External audit b. Compliance audit c. Peer review d. Quality review

Last Answer : Quality review

The auditor should not assume that management is dishonest, but the possibility of dishonesty must be considered." This is an example of a. Expectation gap. b. An attitude of professional skepticism. c. Due diligence. d. An ethical requirement

Description : The auditor should not assume that management is dishonest, but the possibility of dishonesty must be considered." This is an example of a. Expectation gap. b. An attitude of professional skepticism. c. Due diligence. d. An ethical requirement

Last Answer : An attitude of professional skepticism.

The audit should not assume that management is dishonest, but the possibility of dishonesty must be considered." This is an example of a. Due diligence. b. Unprofessional behavior. c. An attitude of professional skepticism. d. An ethical requirement

Description : The audit should not assume that management is dishonest, but the possibility of dishonesty must be considered." This is an example of a. Due diligence. b. Unprofessional behavior. c. An attitude of professional skepticism. d. An ethical requirement

Last Answer : An attitude of professional skepticism.

A CPA, while performing an audit, strives to achieve independence in appearance in order to a. Reduce risk and liability. b. Comply with the generally accepted standards of fieldwork. c. Become independent in fact. d. Maintain public confidence in the profession

Description : A CPA, while performing an audit, strives to achieve independence in appearance in order to a. Reduce risk and liability. b. Comply with the generally accepted standards of fieldwork. c. Become independent in fact. d. Maintain public confidence in the profession

Last Answer : Maintain public confidence in the profession