The area reserved for the welfare of wild life Is called – (1) Sanctuary (2) Forest (3) National Park (4) Botanical garden

The area reserved for the welfare of wild life Is called – (1) Sanctuary (2) Forest (3) National Park (4) Botanical garden
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(3) National Park Explanation: A National Park is an area which is strictly reserved for the welfare of wildlife and where activities such as forestry, grazing or cultivation are not allowed. Private ownership, rights and habitat, manipulation arc not permitted in a national park. There are 103 national parks in India covering an area of 40,500 km2, which is 1.23% of the geographical area of the country.
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The area reserved for the welfare of wild life is called : (1) Sanctuary (2) Forest (3) National Park (4) Botanical garden

Description : The area reserved for the welfare of wild life is called : (1) Sanctuary (2) Forest (3) National Park (4) Botanical garden

Last Answer : National Park

An area legally reserved for wild life in its natural surroundings is – (1) Biosphere Reserve (2) Sanctuary (3) Social Forests (4) National Park

Description : An area legally reserved for wild life in its natural surroundings is – (1) Biosphere Reserve (2) Sanctuary (3) Social Forests (4) National Park

Last Answer : (2) Sanctuary Explanation: A wildlife sanctuary is an protected area that is reserved for the conservation only of wildlife, animals and plant species. Human activities like harvesting of timber, collection of minor forest products are allowed.

Which one of the following is not a site for 'in-situ' method of conservation of flora? [CSAT 2011] (a) Biosphere Reserve (b) Botanical Garden (c) National Park (d) Wildlife Sanctuary

Description : Which one of the following is not a site for 'in-situ' method of conservation of flora? [CSAT 2011] (a) Biosphere Reserve (b) Botanical Garden (c) National Park (d) Wildlife Sanctuary

Last Answer : Ans: (b)

Which one of the following is not included under in situ conservation? (a) National park (b) Sanctuary (c) Botanical garden (d) Biosphere reserve

Description : Which one of the following is not included under in situ conservation? (a) National park (b) Sanctuary (c) Botanical garden (d) Biosphere reserve

Last Answer : (b) Sanctuary

In which of the following, both pairs have correct combination? (a) In-situ conservation : Seed Bank Ex-situ conservation : National Park (b) In-situ conservation : Tissue culture Ex-situ conservation : Sacred groves (c) In-situ conservation : National Park Ex-situ conservation : Botanical Garden (d) In-situ conservation : Cryopreservation Ex-situ conservation : Wildlife Sanctuary

Description : In which of the following, both pairs have correct combination? (a) In-situ conservation : Seed Bank Ex-situ conservation : National Park (b) In-situ conservation : Tissue ... conservation : Botanical Garden (d) In-situ conservation : Cryopreservation Ex-situ conservation : Wildlife Sanctuary

Last Answer : (c) In-situ conservation : National Park Ex-situ conservation : Botanical Garden

Match the following: A. Kaziranga National Park 1. Wild Elephant B. Ghana Game sanctuary 2. Chinkara (Indian Gazelle) C. Shivpuri National Park 3. Migratory Siberian 4. One-horned Rhinoceros A B C (a) 4 1 2 (b) 2 4 3 (c) 4 3 2 (d) 2 3 1

Description : Match the following: A. Kaziranga National Park 1. Wild Elephant B. Ghana Game sanctuary 2. Chinkara (Indian Gazelle) C. Shivpuri National Park 3. Migratory Siberian 4. One-horned Rhinoceros A B C (a) 4 1 2 (b) 2 4 3 (c) 4 3 2 (d) 2 3 1

Last Answer : Ans: (c)

The Gir Forest is noted for its – (1) Lion sanctuary (2) Deer Park (3) Tiger sanctuary (4) Crocodile Park

Description : The Gir Forest is noted for its – (1) Lion sanctuary (2) Deer Park (3) Tiger sanctuary (4) Crocodile Park

Last Answer : (1) Lion sanctuary Explanation: The Gir Forest National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary s the sole home of the pure Asiatic Lions (Panthera leo persica) and is considered to be one of the most important ... April 2010 census recorded the lion-count in Gir at 411, an increase of 52 compared to 2005.

The great one horned Indian Rhino is round in (a) Corbett National Park (b) Kanha National Park (c) Kaziranga Game Sanctuary (d) Periyar Game Sanctuary

Description : The great one horned Indian Rhino is round in (a) Corbett National Park (b) Kanha National Park (c) Kaziranga Game Sanctuary (d) Periyar Game Sanctuary

Last Answer : Ans: (c)

Consider the following statements: 1. The boundaries of a National Park are defined by legislation. 2. A Biosphere Reserve is declared to conserve a few specific species of flora and fauna. 3. In a Wildlife Sanctuary, limited biotic interference is permitted. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? [IAS 2010] (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Description : Consider the following statements: 1. The boundaries of a National Park are defined by legislation. 2. A Biosphere Reserve is declared to conserve a few specific species of flora and fauna. 3. In a Wildlife Sanctuary, limited biotic ... ) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Last Answer : Ans: (c)

Which one of the following is located in the Bastar region? [IAS 2007] (a) Bandhavgarh National Park (b) Dandeli Sanctuary (c) Rajaji National Park (d) Indravati National Park shop.ssbcrack.com

Description : Which one of the following is located in the Bastar region? [IAS 2007] (a) Bandhavgarh National Park (b) Dandeli Sanctuary (c) Rajaji National Park (d) Indravati National Park shop.ssbcrack.com

Last Answer : Ans: (d)

Which one of the following is also known as Top Slip? [IAS2007] (a) Simlipal National Park (b) Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary (c) Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary (d) Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park

Description : Which one of the following is also known as Top Slip? [IAS2007] (a) Simlipal National Park (b) Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary (c) Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary (d) Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park

Last Answer : Ans: (d)

Match the following: [Asstt Comm PF 2003] Park/Sanctuary State A. Keoladeo National Park 1. Assam B. Corbett National Park 2. Kerala C. Kaziranga Sanctuary 3. Uttar Pradesh D. Periyar Game Sanctuary 4. Rajasthan 5. Uttarakhand A B C D (a) 2 5 4 1 (b) 4 3 1 2 (c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 4 5 1 2

Description : Match the following: [Asstt Comm PF 2003] Park/Sanctuary State A. Keoladeo National Park 1. Assam B. Corbett National Park 2. Kerala C. Kaziranga Sanctuary 3. Uttar Pradesh D. Periyar Game Sanctuary 4. Rajasthan 5. Uttarakhand A B C D (a) 2 5 4 1 (b) 4 3 1 2 (c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 4 5 1 2

Last Answer : Ans: (d)

Match the following: National Park/Sanctuary State A. Nandadevi National Park 1. Rajasthan B. Keoladeo National Park 2. Assam C. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary 3. Gujarat D. Gir National Park 4. Mizoram 5. Uttarakhand A B C D (a) 2 3 4 1 (b) 5 1 2 3 (c) 2 1 4 3 (d) 5 3 2 1

Description : Match the following: National Park/Sanctuary State A. Nandadevi National Park 1. Rajasthan B. Keoladeo National Park 2. Assam C. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary 3. Gujarat D. Gir National Park 4. Mizoram 5. Uttarakhand A B C D (a) 2 3 4 1 (b) 5 1 2 3 (c) 2 1 4 3 (d) 5 3 2 1

Last Answer : Ans: (b)

Match the following: [IAS 2004] National Park/Sanctuary State A. Kanger Ghati National Park 1. Chhattisgarh B. Nagerhole National Park 2. Haryana C. Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary 3. Himachal D. Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary 4. Karnataka A B C D (a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 1 4 3 2 (c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 1 2 3 4

Description : Match the following: [IAS 2004] National Park/Sanctuary State A. Kanger Ghati National Park 1. Chhattisgarh B. Nagerhole National Park 2. Haryana C. Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary 3. Himachal D. Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary 4. Karnataka A B C D (a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 1 4 3 2 (c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 1 2 3 4

Last Answer : Ans: (c)

Lion is conserved at – (1) Kaziranga Sanctuary (2) Gir Sanctuary (3) Corbett National Park (4) Manas Sanctum

Description : Lion is conserved at – (1) Kaziranga Sanctuary (2) Gir Sanctuary (3) Corbett National Park (4) Manas Sanctum

Last Answer : (2) Gir Sanctuary Explanation: The Gir Forest National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary is a forest and wildlife sanctuary in Gujarat, is the sole home of the pure Asiatic Lions and is considered to be one of ... in 1965, the park is located to the south-east of Junagadh and to south west of Amreli.

Where in India can you normally spot the Siberian crane in winter? (1) Sasangir Sanctuary (2) Ranthambore Sanctuary (3) Dachigam National Park (4) Keoladeo Ghana Sanctuary

Description : Where in India can you normally spot the Siberian crane in winter? (1) Sasangir Sanctuary (2) Ranthambore Sanctuary (3) Dachigam National Park (4) Keoladeo Ghana Sanctuary

Last Answer : (4) Keoladeo Ghana Sanctuary Explanation: The Keoladeo National Park or Keoladeo Ghana National Park formerly known as the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India is a famous avifauna ... used to winter in this park but this central population of Siberian Cranes is now extinct.

Periyar Wild Life Sanctuary is located in ______ State. (a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Tamil Nadu (c) Kerala (d) Karnataka

Description : Periyar Wild Life Sanctuary is located in ______ State. (a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Tamil Nadu (c) Kerala (d) Karnataka

Last Answer : Ans: (c)

Mudumalai Wild-life Sanctuary is located in the State of – (1) Kerala (2) Karnataka (3) Tamil Nadu (4) Andhra Paradesh

Description : Mudumalai Wild-life Sanctuary is located in the State of – (1) Kerala (2) Karnataka (3) Tamil Nadu (4) Andhra Paradesh

Last Answer : (3) Tamil Nadu Explanation: The Mudumalai National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, now also declared a Tiger Reserve, lies on the northwestern side of the Nilgiri Hills (Blue Mountains), in Nilgiri ... Mudumalai, which means 'first hills', is one of the first wildlife sanctuaries established in India.

Which one of the following is a Wild Life Sanctuary? (1) Jaldapara (2) Garumara (3) Corbett (4) Chapramari

Description : Which one of the following is a Wild Life Sanctuary? (1) Jaldapara (2) Garumara (3) Corbett (4) Chapramari

Last Answer : (3) Corbett Explanation: Jim Corbett National Park is the oldest national park in India. It is situated in Nainital district of Uttarakhand. The park acts as a protected area for the endangered Bengal tiger of India.

Which wild life sanctuary has the project to conserve the rhinos in India? (1) Bandipur (2) Periyar (3) Kaziranga (4) Gir

Description : Which wild life sanctuary has the project to conserve the rhinos in India? (1) Bandipur (2) Periyar (3) Kaziranga (4) Gir

Last Answer : (3) Kaziranga Explanation: Kaziranga National Park is a national park in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts of the state of Assam, India. A World Heritage Site, the park hosts two-thirds of the world's Great One-horned Rhinoceroses.

A __________ is officially designated territory marked by government which provides protection and living condition for wild animals. a) wildlife sanctuary b)reserve c)park d)zoo

Description : A __________ is officially designated territory marked by government which provides protection and living condition for wild animals. a) wildlife sanctuary b)reserve c)park d)zoo

Last Answer : a) wildlife sanctuary

Which one of the following is not a method of in situ conservation of biodiversity ? (a) Sacred grove (b) Biosphere reserve (c) Wildlife sanctuary (d) Botanical garden

Description : Which one of the following is not a method of in situ conservation of biodiversity ? (a) Sacred grove (b) Biosphere reserve (c) Wildlife sanctuary (d) Botanical garden

Last Answer : (d) Botanical garden

What is Bandipur Sanctuary situated in Karnataka particularly noted for (a) Wild Elephant (b) Indian Bison (c) Rhinoceros (d) Spotted Deer

Description : What is Bandipur Sanctuary situated in Karnataka particularly noted for (a) Wild Elephant (b) Indian Bison (c) Rhinoceros (d) Spotted Deer

Last Answer : Ans: (d)

The Periyar Game Sanctuary in Kerala is renowned for (a) tiger (b) lion (c) wild elephant (d) spotted deer

Description : The Periyar Game Sanctuary in Kerala is renowned for (a) tiger (b) lion (c) wild elephant (d) spotted deer

Last Answer : Ans: (c)

The largest wildlife sanctuary in India is famous for which of the following animal? (1) Wild Indian Ass (2) Rhinoceros (3) Apes (4) Tigers

Description : The largest wildlife sanctuary in India is famous for which of the following animal? (1) Wild Indian Ass (2) Rhinoceros (3) Apes (4) Tigers

Last Answer : (1) Wild Indian Ass Explanation: The Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, located in the Little Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, is the largest wildlife sanctuary in India with a geographical spread of 4954 km2. It is known for the endangered wild ass subspecies Indian Wild Ass (Khur).

Manas Sanctuary in Assam is known for – (1) elephants (2) bears (3) tigers (4) wild ass

Description : Manas Sanctuary in Assam is known for – (1) elephants (2) bears (3) tigers (4) wild ass

Last Answer : (1) elephants Explanation: Manas National Park or Manas Wildlife Sanctuary is a Wildlife Sanctuary, UNESCO Natural World Heritage site, a Project Tiger Reserve, an Elephant Reserve and a Biosphere Reserve ... Golden Langur and Pygmy Hog. Manas is famous for its population of the Wild water buffalo.

Shivpuri National Park of Madhya Pradesh is important for – (1) Tiger and Elephant (2) Wild Buffalo (3) Birds (4) Leopard and Chital

Description : Shivpuri National Park of Madhya Pradesh is important for – (1) Tiger and Elephant (2) Wild Buffalo (3) Birds (4) Leopard and Chital

Last Answer : (4) Leopard and Chital Explanation: The predominant wild animal species that inhabits the Park is the deer, of which the most easily sighted are the graceful little chinkara or Indian gazelle, ... , sambar, chausingha or four-horned antelope, blackbuck, sloth bear, leopard and the common langur.

The power to declare an area as a sanctuary or national park of central Government is Wildlife (Protection) Act is under: A. Section 38 B. Section 39 C. Section 18 D. Section 27

Description : The power to declare an area as a sanctuary or national park of central Government is Wildlife (Protection) Act is under: A. Section 38 B. Section 39 C. Section 18 D. Section 27

Last Answer : A. Section 38

Match the following: [CDS 2001] Wildlife park/sanctuary Animal protected A. Kaziranga 1. Elephant B. Ranthambhore 2. Lion C. Gir 3. Rhinoceros D. Periyar 4. Tiger A B C D (a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 4 2 1 3 (c) 1 4 2 3 (d) 3 4 2 1

Description : Match the following: [CDS 2001] Wildlife park/sanctuary Animal protected A. Kaziranga 1. Elephant B. Ranthambhore 2. Lion C. Gir 3. Rhinoceros D. Periyar 4. Tiger A B C D (a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 4 2 1 3 (c) 1 4 2 3 (d) 3 4 2 1

Last Answer : Ans: (d)

'National Botanical Garden’ is located at (1) Shimla (2) Kolkata (3) Lucknow (4) Bengaluru

Description : 'National Botanical Garden’ is located at (1) Shimla (2) Kolkata (3) Lucknow (4) Bengaluru

Last Answer : (3) Lucknow

What do you mean by 'reserved forest' ? (a) Reserved for local use (b) Reserved for commercial exploitation (c) Reserved for hunting (d) Reserved for growing medicinal herbs shop.ssbcrack.com

Description : What do you mean by 'reserved forest' ? (a) Reserved for local use (b) Reserved for commercial exploitation (c) Reserved for hunting (d) Reserved for growing medicinal herbs shop.ssbcrack.com

Last Answer : Ans: (b)

Match the following: A. Gir Forest 1. Siberian cranes B. Kaziranga Sanctuary 2. Lions C. Dachigam Sanctuary 3. Indian stag D. Ghana Sanctuary 4. Rhinoceros A B C D (a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 3 1 2 4 (c) 2 4 3 1 (d) 3 2 1 4

Description : Match the following: A. Gir Forest 1. Siberian cranes B. Kaziranga Sanctuary 2. Lions C. Dachigam Sanctuary 3. Indian stag D. Ghana Sanctuary 4. Rhinoceros A B C D (a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 3 1 2 4 (c) 2 4 3 1 (d) 3 2 1 4

Last Answer : Ans: (c)

The reserved area for the conservation of wild life is called

Description : The reserved area for the conservation of wild life is called

Last Answer : Sanctuary

Which one of the following areas is noted for mangrove vegetation? (1) Lava forest of Kalimpong. (2) Sajnekhali forest of South 24 Parganas. (3) Dandakaranya forest of Orissa (4) Carbet National Park of U.P.

Description : Which one of the following areas is noted for mangrove vegetation? (1) Lava forest of Kalimpong. (2) Sajnekhali forest of South 24 Parganas. (3) Dandakaranya forest of Orissa (4) Carbet National Park of U.P.

Last Answer : (2) Sajnekhali forest of South 24 Parganas. Explanation: The Sajnekhali Bird Sanctuary is located in the Sunderbans Forests and is home to a wide variety of birds. The most popular among ... Billed Stork, White Ibis, White Bellied Sea Eagle, Common Kingfisher, Brahmini Kite and Paradise Flycatcher.

An area legally reserved for wild life in its natural surroundings is?

Description : An area legally reserved for wild life in its natural surroundings is?

Last Answer : Biosphere Reserve

Which one of the following is an example of ex-situ conservation? (a) Wildlife sanctuary (b) Seed bank (c) Sacred groves (d) National park

Description : Which one of the following is an example of ex-situ conservation? (a) Wildlife sanctuary (b) Seed bank (c) Sacred groves (d) National park

Last Answer : (b) Seed bank

An example of ex-situ conservation is (a) national park (b) seed bank (c) wildlife sanctuary (d) sacred grove.

Description : An example of ex-situ conservation is (a) national park (b) seed bank (c) wildlife sanctuary (d) sacred grove.

Last Answer : b) seed bank

Which of the following national parks is home to the famous musk deer or hangul? (a) Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur (b) Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh (c) Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh (d) Dachigam National Park, Jammu and Kashmir

Description : Which of the following national parks is home to the famous musk deer or hangul? (a) Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur (b) Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh (c) Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh (d) Dachigam National Park, Jammu and Kashmir

Last Answer : (d) Dachigam National Park, Jammu and Kashmir

Which of the following is characterized by excessive dampness with a thick growth forest and a variety of wild life? (a) Bhabar (b) Bhangar (c) Tarai (d) Khadar

Description : Which of the following is characterized by excessive dampness with a thick growth forest and a variety of wild life? (a) Bhabar (b) Bhangar (c) Tarai (d) Khadar

Last Answer : Ans: (c)

Match the following: A. Bhabar 1. Younger alluvium B. Terai 2. It is very porous C. Bhangar 3. Has thick forest and wild life D. Khadar 4. Older alluvium A B C D (a) 2 3 4 1 (b) 1 2 3 4 (c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 4 3 1 2

Description : Match the following: A. Bhabar 1. Younger alluvium B. Terai 2. It is very porous C. Bhangar 3. Has thick forest and wild life D. Khadar 4. Older alluvium A B C D (a) 2 3 4 1 (b) 1 2 3 4 (c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 4 3 1 2

Last Answer : Ans: (a)

Name one wild life sanctuary in Tripura – a) Gomati b) Sipahijola c) Dharmanagar d) Agartala

Description : Name one wild life sanctuary in Tripura – a) Gomati b) Sipahijola c) Dharmanagar d) Agartala

Last Answer : b) Sipahijola

One of the most important functions of botanical gardens is that (a) they provide a beautiful area for recreation (b) one can observe tropical plants there (c) they allow ex situ conservation of germplasm (d) they provide the natural habitat for wild life.

Description : One of the most important functions of botanical gardens is that (a) they provide a beautiful area for recreation (b) one can observe tropical plants there (c) they allow ex situ conservation of germplasm (d) they provide the natural habitat for wild life.

Last Answer : (c) they allow ex situ conservation of germplasm

Which one of the following is the matching pair of a sanctuary and its main protected wild animal

Description : Which one of the following is the matching pair of a sanctuary and its main protected wild animal

Last Answer : Which one of the following is the matching pair of a sanctuary and its main protected wild animal ... Sunderbans-Rhino D. N.E. Himalayan region-Sambar

Which of the following is the matching pair of a sanctuary and its main protected wild animal? (a) Kaziranga-Musk deer (b) Gir-Lion (c) Sunderban-Rhino (d) All of these

Description : Which of the following is the matching pair of a sanctuary and its main protected wild animal? (a) Kaziranga-Musk deer (b) Gir-Lion (c) Sunderban-Rhino (d) All of these

Last Answer : (b) Gir-Lion

Which one of the following is the correctly matched pair of an endangered animal and a national park? (a) Great Indian bustard : Keoladeo National Park (b) Lion : Corbett National Park (c) Rhinoceros : Kaziranga National Park (d) Wild ass : Dudhwa National Park

Description : Which one of the following is the correctly matched pair of an endangered animal and a national park? (a) Great Indian bustard : Keoladeo National Park (b) Lion : Corbett National Park (c) Rhinoceros : Kaziranga National Park (d) Wild ass : Dudhwa National Park

Last Answer : (c) Rhinoceros : Kaziranga National Park

Identify the odd combination of the habitat and the particular animal concerned. (a) Sunderbans – Bengal Tiger (b) Periyar – Elephant (c) Rann of Kutch – Wild Ass (d) Dachigam – Snow Leopard National Park

Description : Identify the odd combination of the habitat and the particular animal concerned. (a) Sunderbans – Bengal Tiger (b) Periyar – Elephant (c) Rann of Kutch – Wild Ass (d) Dachigam – Snow Leopard National Park

Last Answer : (d) Eastern ghats

'Green Accounting' means measuring the National Income of the country taking into account estimation of – (1) the total forest area of the country (2) the destruction of forest cover of the country (3) pollution and environmental damage (4) area of reclaimed fallow land

Description : 'Green Accounting' means measuring the National Income of the country taking into account estimation of – (1) the total forest area of the country (2) the destruction of forest cover of the country (3) pollution and environmental damage (4) area of reclaimed fallow land

Last Answer : (3) pollution and environmental damage Explanation: Green accounting is a type of accounting that attempts to factor environmental costs into the financial results of operations. It ... ignores the environment and therefore decisionmakers need a revised model that incorporates green accounting.

Where is National Botanical Garden situ- ated?

Description : Where is National Botanical Garden situ- ated?

Last Answer : Lucknow

St at em ent I : The Forest Act of 1878 categorized some forests as ‘reserved forests'. Statement I I : They were considered the best forests for people's use.

Description : St at em ent I : The Forest Act of 1878 categorized some forests as ‘reserved forests'. Statement I I : They were considered the best forests for people's use.

Last Answer : 1. Statement I is true, Statement II is false.

There is a need to keep larger area under forests for – (1) absorption of carbon dioxide (2) protecting wild-life (3) raising precipitation (4) ecological balance

Description : There is a need to keep larger area under forests for – (1) absorption of carbon dioxide (2) protecting wild-life (3) raising precipitation (4) ecological balance

Last Answer : (4) ecological balance Explanation: Ecological balance has been defined by various online dictionaries as "a state of dynamic equilibrium within a community of organisms in which genetic, species ... woodland. It restores eco-logical balance of all ecosystems and maintains bio-logical diversity.