The Principle of 'checks and balances' is related to – (1) Rule of law (2) Fundamental law (3) Fundamental Duties (4) Separation of Powers

The Principle of 'checks and balances' is related to – (1) Rule of law (2) Fundamental law (3) Fundamental Duties (4) Separation of Powers
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(4) Separation of Powers Explanation: "Checks and balances" is a concept set up in the United States Constitution whereby the various powers of any government are divided into 3 separate branches with no one branch having all powers. This is so that no one of the 3 branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial) becomes so powerful that it becomes a virtual monarchy. It also ensures that all three will work together in relative harmony since each needs the others to perform its obligations properly.
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How does this part of the Constitution uphold the principles of a respresentative democracy a separation of powers and a system of checks and balances?

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Why is checks and balances or separation of powers so important in a republic in Ancient Rome?

Description : Why is checks and balances or separation of powers so important in a republic in Ancient Rome?

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Which governing principle is best reflected by the three branches of the federal government created by the Constitution A) limited government B)republicanism C)rule of law D)separation of powers?

Description : Which governing principle is best reflected by the three branches of the federal government created by the Constitution A) limited government B)republicanism C)rule of law D)separation of powers?

Last Answer : That is separation of powers.

The presidential system operates on the principle of – (1) Division of powers (2) Separation of powers (3) Fusion of powers (4) Balance of powers

Description : The presidential system operates on the principle of – (1) Division of powers (2) Separation of powers (3) Fusion of powers (4) Balance of powers

Last Answer : (2) Separation of powers Explanation: The presidential system operates on the principle of separation of powers. India follows a parliamentary system of government, which offers a clear separation of powers.

The Presidential Government operates on the principle of – (1) Division of Powers between Centre and Slates (2) Centralisation of Powers (3) Balance of Powers (4) Separation of Powers

Description : The Presidential Government operates on the principle of – (1) Division of Powers between Centre and Slates (2) Centralisation of Powers (3) Balance of Powers (4) Separation of Powers

Last Answer : (4) Separation of Powers Explanation: In democratic systems of governance based on the trias politjca, a fundamental parallel and a fundamental difference exists between presidential systems and constitutional ... the United States, with unitary executive) or a government, headed by a prime minister

Panchayati Raj in India is laid down under: (1) Fundamental Rights (2) Directive Principle of State Policy (3) Fundamental Duties (4) Election Commission Act Policy

Description : Panchayati Raj in India is laid down under: (1) Fundamental Rights (2) Directive Principle of State Policy (3) Fundamental Duties (4) Election Commission Act Policy

Last Answer : (2) Directive Principle of State Policy Explanation: P.R. in India laid down under - DPSP mentioned in Part IV.

The House of Lords in Great Britain is mainly retained because - (1) It is as important as the House of Commons (2) It plays an important role of checks and balances (3) It acts as a judicial court (4) It is maintained as an institution

Description : The House of Lords in Great Britain is mainly retained because - (1) It is as important as the House of Commons (2) It plays an important role of checks and balances (3) It acts as a judicial court (4) It is maintained as an institution

Last Answer : (4) It is maintained as an institution Explanation: It is observed That British people are very conservative and have great regard for their historical institutions. Therefore, they continue to support historical institutions like Crown and House of Lords.

How ow are the 6 goals of the preamble used throughout the separations of powers and checks and balances?

Description : How ow are the 6 goals of the preamble used throughout the separations of powers and checks and balances?

Last Answer : . This is homework and we don’t do homework and your teacher islooking for your critical thinking skills and how well youunderstood the lesson.

How Does judicial review really strengthen the constitutional principle of checks and balances or not justify your answer?

Description : How Does judicial review really strengthen the constitutional principle of checks and balances or not justify your answer?

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Which of the following would not usually be included in the minutes of the board of directors and/or stockholders? a. Declaration of dividends. b. Authorization of long-term loans. c. Authorization of individuals to sign checks. d. The duties and powers of the corporate officers.

Description : Which of the following would not usually be included in the minutes of the board of directors and/or stockholders? a. Declaration of dividends. b. Authorization of long-term loans. c. Authorization of individuals to sign checks. d. The duties and powers of the corporate officers.

Last Answer : The duties and powers of the corporate officers.

Who Under the separation of powers principle law can only be made by?

Description : Who Under the separation of powers principle law can only be made by?

Last Answer : Feel Free to Answer

Which one of the following is not an essential element of a federal form of government? (1) Written Constitution (2) Independent judiciary (3) Division of power (4) Separation of powers

Description : Which one of the following is not an essential element of a federal form of government? (1) Written Constitution (2) Independent judiciary (3) Division of power (4) Separation of powers

Last Answer : (4) Separation of powers Explanation: In a federal form of government separation of powers is not an essential element. A federal state is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self ... of government in which a division of powers between central govt. and regional govt. eg. India.

The main feature of the Federal State is (1) Decentralisation (2) Centralisation (3) Theory of separation of powers (4) Sovereignty

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Last Answer : (1) Decentralisation Explanation: Decentralization is one of the key features of a federal state. In a federal state, sovereignty and the power to govern are constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces).

Which one among the following is not a characteristic of a federal system? (1) There are two distinct levels of government (2) The responsibilities and powers of each level of government are clearly defined in a written Constitution (3) There is no separation of powers between the legislative and executive branches of government (4) A Supreme Court is entrusted with the responsibility of interpreting these provisions and arbitrating in matters of dispute

Description : Which one among the following is not a characteristic of a federal system? (1) There are two distinct levels of government (2) The responsibilities and powers of each level of ... Court is entrusted with the responsibility of interpreting these provisions and arbitrating in matters of dispute

Last Answer : (3) There is no separation of powers between the legislative and executive branches of government Explanation: One of the features of the federal system is the distribution of power ... importance. Both federal and state governments functioning strictly within the sphere demarcated for them.

The growth of judicial power over the last one hundred years in liberal democracies have taken place because - (1) The constitutions have given the judiciary more powers (2) Acceptance of the theory of separation of powers (3) The U. N. Directives (4) Protect Human Rights

Description : The growth of judicial power over the last one hundred years in liberal democracies have taken place because - (1) The constitutions have given the judiciary more powers (2) Acceptance of the theory of separation of powers (3) The U. N. Directives (4) Protect Human Rights

Last Answer : (4) Protect Human Rights Explanation: The growth of Judicial Power over the last one hundred years in liberal democracies has taken place to protect Human rights.

By which Amendment were 'Fundamental Duties' added to the Constitution? (1) 42nd (2) 46th (3) 61st (4) 88th

Description : By which Amendment were 'Fundamental Duties' added to the Constitution? (1) 42nd (2) 46th (3) 61st (4) 88th

Last Answer : (1) 42nd Explanation: The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee. Originally ten in number, the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002.

The mind of the makers of the Constitution of India is reflected in which of the following? (1) The Preamble (2) The Fundamental Rights (3) The Directive Principles of State Policy (4) The Fundamental Duties

Description : The mind of the makers of the Constitution of India is reflected in which of the following? (1) The Preamble (2) The Fundamental Rights (3) The Directive Principles of State Policy (4) The Fundamental Duties

Last Answer : (1) The Preamble Explanation: Sir Alladi Krishnaswami Iyer, a member of the Constituent Assembly, had said 'The Preamble to our Constitution expresses what we had thought or dreamt so long." So "A" is the answer.

Economic presence of the government in social realm is found under - (1) Fundamental Rights (2) Fundamental Duties (3) Directive Principles of State Policy (4) Policy for determining citizenship

Description : Economic presence of the government in social realm is found under - (1) Fundamental Rights (2) Fundamental Duties (3) Directive Principles of State Policy (4) Policy for determining citizenship

Last Answer : (3) Directive Principles of State Policy Explanation: The principles have been inspired by the Directive Principles given in the Constitution of Ireland and also by the principles of Gandhism; and relate to social justice, economic welfare, foreign policy, and legal and administrative matters.

Which Article of the Indian Constitution includes the Fundamental Duties of the Indian citizens? (1) Article 50A (2) Article 50B (3) Article 51A (4) Article 51B

Description : Which Article of the Indian Constitution includes the Fundamental Duties of the Indian citizens? (1) Article 50A (2) Article 50B (3) Article 51A (4) Article 51B

Last Answer : (3) Article 51A Explanation: Article 51A became a part of the Indian Constitution on December 18, 1976 by virtue of the Constitutional (Forty Second) Amendment Act 1976. The new Part IVA was titled as Fundamental Duties.

Which one of the following is an item included in the list of Fundamental Duties of an Indian citizen inthe Constitution? (1) To practice secularism, (2) To develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of enquiry and reform. (3) To pay all taxes to government regularly and correctly. (4) Not to assault any public servant in the (during) performance of his duties.

Description : Which one of the following is an item included in the list of Fundamental Duties of an Indian citizen inthe Constitution? (1) To practice secularism, (2) To develop scientific temper, humanism and the ... correctly. (4) Not to assault any public servant in the (during) performance of his duties.

Last Answer : (2) To develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of enquiry and reform Explanation: The fundamental duty is: to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. There are 11 fundamental duties under Article 51A of the Indian Constitution.

The Constitution of India assures economic justice to citizens through – (1) Fundamental Rights (2) Fundamental duties (3) Preamble (4) Directive Principles of State Policy

Description : The Constitution of India assures economic justice to citizens through – (1) Fundamental Rights (2) Fundamental duties (3) Preamble (4) Directive Principles of State Policy

Last Answer : (3) Preamble Explanation: The preamble contains the socioeconomic goals of Indian polity. These are: to secure all its citizens social, economic and political justice; liberty of thought; equality of status ... so as to secure the dignity of the Individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation.

The chapter on Fundamental Duties includes – (1) Duty to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired out freedom movement. (2) Duty to vote in General Election (3) Duty to promote the sense of fraternity among the people (4) Duty to stick to the political party on whose ticket one contested election

Description : The chapter on Fundamental Duties includes - (1) Duty to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired out freedom movement. (2) Duty to vote in General Election (3) Duty to promote the ... among the people (4) Duty to stick to the political party on whose ticket one contested election

Last Answer : (1) Duty to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired out freedom movement. Explanation: The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976. ... the Constitution, to cherish its heritage, preserve its composite culture and assist in its defense.

The mind and ideals of the framers of Constitution are reflected in the – (1) Preamble (2) Fundamental Duties (3) Fundamental Rights (4) Directive Principles of State Policy

Description : The mind and ideals of the framers of Constitution are reflected in the – (1) Preamble (2) Fundamental Duties (3) Fundamental Rights (4) Directive Principles of State Policy

Last Answer : (1) Preamble Explanation: The mind and ideals of the framers of the Constitution are reflected in the Preamble.

When were the Fundamental Duties included in the Constitution? (1) At the time of framing of Constitution (2) On 26th January, 1950 (3) In the 42nd Constitutional Amendment (4) In the 41st Constitutional Amendment

Description : When were the Fundamental Duties included in the Constitution? (1) At the time of framing of Constitution (2) On 26th January, 1950 (3) In the 42nd Constitutional Amendment (4) In the 41st Constitutional Amendment

Last Answer : (3) In the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Explanation: The Fundamental Duties are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of ... by the 42nd Amendment Act 1976- Article 51A, upon the recommendations of the Swam Singh Committee.

Which one among the following is a Fundamental Duties of citizens under the Constitution of India? (1) To provide friendly cooperation to the people of the neighbouring countries (2) To visit the monuments of national importance (3) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so (4) To know more and more about the religions of India

Description : Which one among the following is a Fundamental Duties of citizens under the Constitution of India? (1) To provide friendly cooperation to the people of the neighbouring countries (2) To visit the monuments of ... when called upon to do so (4) To know more and more about the religions of India

Last Answer : (3) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so Explanation: One of the fundamental duties is to "defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so."

Which one among the following is a Fundamental Duties of citizens under the Constitution of India? (1) To provide friendly co-operation to the people of the neighboring countries (2) To protect monuments of national importance (3) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so (4) To know more and more about the history of India

Description : Which one among the following is a Fundamental Duties of citizens under the Constitution of India? (1) To provide friendly co-operation to the people of the neighboring countries (2) To protect monuments of ... service when called upon to do so (4) To know more and more about the history of India

Last Answer : (3) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so Explanation: The Forty Second Constitution Amendment Act, 1976 has incorporated ten Fundamental Duties in Article 51 (1) of ... of India. As a result, there are now 11 Fundamental Duties of the citizen of India.

Fundamental Duties enshrined in the Indian Constitution do not have any- (1) Legal sanction (2) Political sanction (3) Social Sanction (4) (4) Moral sanction

Description : Fundamental Duties enshrined in the Indian Constitution do not have any- (1) Legal sanction (2) Political sanction (3) Social Sanction (4) (4) Moral sanction

Last Answer : (1) Legal sanction Explanation: Fundamental duties enshrined in the Indian Constitution do not have any legal sanction. The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd ... towards nation. There is no provision of legal sanction which abide to follow fundamental duties.

Which of the following Articles of the Constitution deals with the Fundamental Duties? (1) Article 39 C (2) Article 51 A (3) Article 29 B (4) None of the above

Description : Which of the following Articles of the Constitution deals with the Fundamental Duties? (1) Article 39 C (2) Article 51 A (3) Article 29 B (4) None of the above

Last Answer : (2) Article 51 A Explanation: The Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India, enacted in 1976, laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation. The amendment inserted ... new part called IV-A in the Constitution, which prescribed the fundamental duties to the citizens.

The fundamental duties are mentioned in the following part of the Constitution of India - (1) Part III (2) Part IV (3) Part IV A (4) Part VI

Description : The fundamental duties are mentioned in the following part of the Constitution of India - (1) Part III (2) Part IV (3) Part IV A (4) Part VI

Last Answer : (3) Part IV A Explanation: part IV - A fundamental duties part IV - Directive Principles of state policy part III - Fundamental rights part VI - The states.

Which Article of the Constitution deals with fundamental duties? (1) Aritcle 30 A (2) Aritcle 50 (3) Aritcle 51 A (4) Aritcle 25

Description : Which Article of the Constitution deals with fundamental duties? (1) Aritcle 30 A (2) Aritcle 50 (3) Aritcle 51 A (4) Aritcle 25

Last Answer : (3) Aritcle 51 A Explanation: The Fundamental Duties of citizens are provided in Article 51A of Indian Constitution. They were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the ... ten in number, the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002.

By which Amendment were `Fundamental Duties' added to the Constitution? (1) 40th Amendment (2) 42nd Amendment (3) 44th Amendment (4) 45th Amendment

Description : By which Amendment were `Fundamental Duties' added to the Constitution? (1) 40th Amendment (2) 42nd Amendment (3) 44th Amendment (4) 45th Amendment

Last Answer : (2) 42nd Amendment Explanation: The Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India, enacted in 1976, laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation which are defined as the ... India. These duties, set out in Part IVA of the Constitution, concern individuals and the nation.

How many fundamental duties are there in our Indian Constitution? (1) 11 (2) 9 (3) 12 (4) 8

Description : How many fundamental duties are there in our Indian Constitution? (1) 11 (2) 9 (3) 12 (4) 8

Last Answer : (1) 11 Explanation: Originally ten in number, the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002, which added a duty on every parent or guardian to ensure that ... and fourteen years. The Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.

In which of the following years the Fundamental Duties have been added to the existent Fundamental Rights in the Constitution of India? (1) 1965 (2) 1976 (3) 1979 (4) 1982

Description : In which of the following years the Fundamental Duties have been added to the existent Fundamental Rights in the Constitution of India? (1) 1965 (2) 1976 (3) 1979 (4) 1982

Last Answer : (2) 1976 Explanation: The Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee. They were originally ten in number, but by the 86th Amendment in 2002 they were increased to eleven.

How many Fundamental Duties are in the Indian Constitution? (1) Eleven (2) Nine (3) (4) Twelve (4) (3) Twenty

Description : How many Fundamental Duties are in the Indian Constitution? (1) Eleven (2) Nine (3) (4) Twelve (4) (3) Twenty

Last Answer : (1) Eleven Explanation: Originally ten in number, the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002, which added a duty on every parent or guardian to ensure that their child or ward was provided opportunities for education between the ages of six and fourteen years.

Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by – (1) 24th Amendment (2) 39th Amendment (3) 42nd Amendment (4) 44th Amendment

Description : Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by – (1) 24th Amendment (2) 39th Amendment (3) 42nd Amendment (4) 44th Amendment

Last Answer : (3) 42nd Amendment Explanation: The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee that was constituted by the government earlier that year.

In which part of the Indian Constitution, the fundamental duties are enshrined? (1) IV A (2) IV B (3) V (4) IV

Description : In which part of the Indian Constitution, the fundamental duties are enshrined? (1) IV A (2) IV B (3) V (4) IV

Last Answer : (1) IV A Explanation: The Fundamental Duties are a novel feature of the Indian Constitution in recent times. The Forty Second Constitution Amendment Act, 1976 incorporated ten Fundamental Duties in Article 51(1) in Part WA of the constitution of India.

When were the Fundamental Duties of the Indian citizens incorporated in the constitution? (1) 1952 (2) 1976 (3) 1979 (4) 1981

Description : When were the Fundamental Duties of the Indian citizens incorporated in the constitution? (1) 1952 (2) 1976 (3) 1979 (4) 1981

Last Answer : (2) 1976 Explanation: The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee that was constituted by the ... ten in number, the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002.

In which year fundamental duties were included in the Indian Constitution? (1) 1974 (2) 1975 (3) 1976 (4) 1977

Description : In which year fundamental duties were included in the Indian Constitution? (1) 1974 (2) 1975 (3) 1976 (4) 1977

Last Answer : (3) 1976 Explanation: In 42nd amendment, 1976 fundamental duties were added on the basis of Swaran Singh Committee report. In 1974 32nd, 33rd and 34th amendments were introduced. In year 1975 35th to 39th amendments were introduced.

Which of the following articles of Indian Constitution enunciates fundamental duties? (1) Article 35 (2) Article 51 (3) Article 32 (4) Article 14

Description : Which of the following articles of Indian Constitution enunciates fundamental duties? (1) Article 35 (2) Article 51 (3) Article 32 (4) Article 14

Last Answer : (2) Article 51 Explanation: Article 51A enlisted fundamental duties. Article 32 deals with remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights. Article 35 provides legislation to give effect to the fundamental rights.

How many Fundamental Duties are included in Indian Constitution? (1) Nine (2) Ten (3) Eleven (4) Twelve

Description : How many Fundamental Duties are included in Indian Constitution? (1) Nine (2) Ten (3) Eleven (4) Twelve

Last Answer : (3) Eleven Explanation: The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee that was constituted ... child or ward was provided opportunities for education between the ages of six and fourteen years.

When were the Fundamental Duties incorporated in the Constitution? (1) 1975 (2) 1976 (3) 1977 (4) 1979

Description : When were the Fundamental Duties incorporated in the Constitution? (1) 1975 (2) 1976 (3) 1977 (4) 1979

Last Answer : (2) 1976 Explanation: The Forty Second Constitution Amendment Act, 1976 has incorporated ten Fundamental Duties in Article 51(1) of the constitution of India. This was done in accordance ... the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee. India adopted Fundamental Duties from the Constitution of erstwhile USSR.

List of Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution as Part – (1) Four (2) Five (3) Two (4) Three

Description : List of Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution as Part – (1) Four (2) Five (3) Two (4) Three

Last Answer : (1) Four Explanation: The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976 added ten Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation in Part W of the Constitution. These duties, set ... amendment) concern individuals and the nation Like the Directive Principles, they are not legally enforceable.

Separation of the judiciary from the executive has been provided in one of the following parts of the Indian Constitution : (1) The Preamble (2) The Fundamental Rights (3) The Directive Principles of State Policy (4) The Seventh Schedule

Description : Separation of the judiciary from the executive has been provided in one of the following parts of the Indian Constitution : (1) The Preamble (2) The Fundamental Rights (3) The Directive Principles of State Policy (4) The Seventh Schedule

Last Answer : (3) The Directive Principles of State Policy Explanation: Independence of judiciary means a fair and neutral judicial system of a country. Article 50 in the Constitution Of India, belonging to the ... shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the Slate.

What is the meaning of the principle of separation of powers ?

Description : What is the meaning of the principle of separation of powers ?

Last Answer : The principle of separation of powers means dividing the work of government into three different sections. These three departments are Law Department , Administration Department and Justice Department.

How does the principle of separation of powers help limit the power of the federal government?

Description : How does the principle of separation of powers help limit the power of the federal government?

Last Answer : What is the answer ?

What element of the federal government best reflects the constitutional principle of the separation of powers?

Description : What element of the federal government best reflects the constitutional principle of the separation of powers?

Last Answer : Need answer

What is an example of the principle of the separation of powers?

Description : What is an example of the principle of the separation of powers?

Last Answer : Only the House of Representatives can introduce a Money Bill. The House and Senate balance each other; neither one has all the power but work jointly. The President can veto any bill the Legislature passes ... cannot tell the States what to do, as long as the States do not violate the Constitution.

Division of powers is the principle of – (1) Unitary form of Government (2) Federal form of Government (3) Socialist form of Government (4) Republican form of Government

Description : Division of powers is the principle of – (1) Unitary form of Government (2) Federal form of Government (3) Socialist form of Government (4) Republican form of Government

Last Answer : (2) Federal form of Government Explanation: The separation of powers, often imprecisely used interchangeably with the trias politica principle, is a model for the governance of a state. ... often overlooked principle of dividing governmental power among the federal, state, and local governments.

Right to properly was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights during the rule of – (1) Indira Gandhi Government (2) Moraraj jiQ Desai Government (3) Narasimha Rio Government (4) Vajpayee Government

Description : Right to properly was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights during the rule of – (1) Indira Gandhi Government (2) Moraraj jiQ Desai Government (3) Narasimha Rio Government (4) Vajpayee Government

Last Answer : (2) Moraraj ji Desai Government Explanation: The Constitution originally provided for the right to property under Articles 19 and 31. Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to acquire, hold ... Forty-Forth Amendment of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of fundamental rights.

What checks and balances are there to prevent one man (McConnell) from carrying out this threat See details?

Description : What checks and balances are there to prevent one man (McConnell) from carrying out this threat See details?

Last Answer : I've wondered the same thing. Doing a little quick digging, it looks like he can be impeached. https://www.change.org/p/u-s-house-of-representatives-impeach-senator-mitch-mcconnell But here's a ... the-government/507-89f1f5b9-db19-4af3-9347-bf38621bda2e I'm hoping he is voted out of office in 2020.