Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning DNA? a. DNA is contained only in the nucleus of the cell b. DNA strands are encoded by the sequence of four bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine and uridine c. The basic unit of information of DNA is the intron, a sequence of three bases d. There are an infinite number of possible codons

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning DNA? a. DNA is contained only in the nucleus of the cell b. DNA strands are encoded by the sequence of four bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine and uridine c. The basic unit of information of DNA is the intron, a sequence of three bases d. There are an infinite number of possible codons
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Answer: a  The genetic blueprint of an organism is carried in the nucleus of every cell, encoded by the sequence of four bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, which together make up two long chains bound together by hydrogen bonds to form a DNA double helix. A gene is a segment of DNA that is transcribed into a corresponding RNA molecule that either codes for a protein or forms a structural RNA molecule. Genes are commonly between 10,000 and 100,000 base pairs in length and include, in addition to the coding sequence, flanking regions and intervening sequences, termed introns. Introns are removed from the primary RNA transcript by a process called splicing. The basic unit of information is the codon, a sequence of three bases or triplet. The four nucleotide bases arranged as triplets lead to 64 possible codons. Sixty-one of these code for amino acids and three are termination signals called stop codons
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The structure of DNA is a double helix formed by two strands of DNA sequence. This sequence consists of 4 different nucleotides- Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. How do the nucleotides on one strand interact with the nucleotides on the second strand to maintain the helical shape of DNA?

Description : The structure of DNA is a double helix formed by two strands of DNA sequence. This sequence consists of 4 different nucleotides- Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. How do the nucleotides on one strand interact with the nucleotides on the second strand to maintain the helical shape of DNA?

Last Answer : Complementary Base Pairing. Adenine complementary base pairs with Thymine and Guanine complementary base pairs with Cytosine.

Which two of the following four bases in DNA are purine bases? a) adenine b) thymine c) cytosine d) guanine

Description : Which two of the following four bases in DNA are purine bases? a) adenine b) thymine c) cytosine d) guanine

Last Answer : ANSWER: A and D -- ADENINE and GUANINE

Which two of the following four bases in DNA are pyrimidine (pron: pie-rim-eh-den) bases? a) cytosine b) thymine c) adenine d) guanine (pron: gwa - neen)

Description : Which two of the following four bases in DNA are pyrimidine (pron: pie-rim-eh-den) bases? a) cytosine b) thymine c) adenine d) guanine (pron: gwa - neen)

Last Answer : ANSWER: A and B -- CYTOSINE and THYMINE

With regard to DNA molecules: a. they contain adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil bases b. they can be detected with Western blotting c. they can be detected with Southern blotting d. they are denatured at temperature of 1000C

Description : With regard to DNA molecules: a. they contain adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil bases b. they can be detected with Western blotting c. they can be detected with Southern blotting d. they are denatured at temperature of 1000C

Last Answer : they can be detected with Southern blotting

Most hormone receptors are localized on the cell membrane and transduce hormone binding into altered levels of intracellular messengers. A limited number of intracellular receptors do exist. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning intracellular receptors? a. The messengers or hormones must by lipophilic b. These intracellular receptors generally regulate protein synthesis c. The intracellular receptors are located entirely in the nucleus of the cell d. A heat-shock protein serves as an inhibitor protein blocking the DNA-binding domain of the steroid receptor

Description : Most hormone receptors are localized on the cell membrane and transduce hormone binding into altered levels of intracellular messengers. A limited number of intracellular receptors do exist. Which of ... protein serves as an inhibitor protein blocking the DNA-binding domain of the steroid receptor

Last Answer : Answer: a, d Although most hormone and other messenger receptors are extracellular, intracellular receptors have been identified. The hormone messengers involved for these receptors are primarily ... DNA-binding domain of the receptor. Activation involves the dissociation of the inhibitor protein

An important step in protein synthesis is transcription. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning this process? a. The first step in gene transcription involves separating the double helix of DNA by an enzyme known as DNA polymerase b. The initial product of DNA transcription is called heterogeneous nuclear RNA which codes directly for proteins c. After processing is complete, the mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm d. Only one protein can be produced from an initial mRNA strand

Description : An important step in protein synthesis is transcription. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning this process? a. The first step in gene transcription involves separating the double helix ... nucleus to the cytoplasm d. Only one protein can be produced from an initial mRNA strand

Last Answer : Answer: c Transcription of a gene begins at an initiation site associated with a specific DNA sequence, termed a promoter region. After binding to DNA, the RNA polymerase opens up a short ... different proteins from the same gene. mRNA is exported from the nucleus only after processing is complete

Which one of the following pairs of nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids, is wrongly matched with the category mentioned against it? (a) Guanine, Adenine - Purines (b) Adenine, Thymine - Purines (c) Thymine, Uracil - Pyrimidines (d) Uracil, Cytosine - Pyrimidines

Description : Which one of the following pairs of nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids, is wrongly matched with the category mentioned against it? (a) Guanine, Adenine - Purines (b) Adenine, Thymine - Purines (c) Thymine, Uracil - Pyrimidines (d) Uracil, Cytosine - Pyrimidines

Last Answer : (b) Adenine, Thymine - Purines

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning translation of the mRNA message to protein synthesis? a. An adaptor molecule, tRNA, recognizes specific nucleic acid bases and unites them with specific amino acids b. Covalent attachment of tRNA to amino acids is energy dependent c. The formation of a peptide bond between the growing peptide chain and the free amino acid occurs in the free cytoplasm d. Complete protein synthesis takes hours

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning translation of the mRNA message to protein synthesis? a. An adaptor molecule, tRNA, recognizes specific nucleic acid bases and unites them ... and the free amino acid occurs in the free cytoplasm d. Complete protein synthesis takes hours

Last Answer : Answer: a, b The synthesis of protein involves conversion from a four-letter nucleotide language to one of 20 chemically distinct amino acids. This process is referred to as ... translation and be moving down the mRNA molecules simultaneously, thus increasing the rate of protein synthesis

In DNA, three hydrogen bonds are formed between (A) Adenine and guanine (B) Adenine and thymine (C) Guanine and cytosine (D) Thymine and cytosine

Description : In DNA, three hydrogen bonds are formed between (A) Adenine and guanine (B) Adenine and thymine (C) Guanine and cytosine (D) Thymine and cytosine

Last Answer : Answer : C

Which of the following is/are true concerning wound fibroblasts? A. Fibroblasts synthesize and secrete collagen molecules. B. Wound fibroblasts are derived from blood-borne precursor cells. C. Fibroblasts migrate to a wound along fibrin strands, which are used as a scaffold. D. Large amounts of fibrin or blood clot can act as a physical barrier to fibroblast penetration, which delays normal wound healing.

Description : Which of the following is/are true concerning wound fibroblasts? A. Fibroblasts synthesize and secrete collagen molecules. B. Wound fibroblasts are derived from blood-borne precursor cells. C. ... clot can act as a physical barrier to fibroblast penetration, which delays normal wound healing.

Last Answer : Answer: ACD DISCUSSION: Fibroblasts appear in the wound on about the third day of healing and begin to synthesize and secrete collagen molecules. Wound fibroblasts arrive from cells surrounding ... enzymes, and large amounts of fibrin and blood clot prevent fibroblasts from entering the wound

In DNA, the complementary base of adenine is (A) Guanine (B) Cytosine (C) Uracil (D) Thymine

Description : In DNA, the complementary base of adenine is (A) Guanine (B) Cytosine (C) Uracil (D) Thymine

Last Answer : Answer : D

An increased melting temperature of duplex DNA results from a high content of (A) Adenine + Guanine (B) Thymine + Cytosine (C) Cytosine + Guanine (D) Cytosine + Adenine

Description : An increased melting temperature of duplex DNA results from a high content of (A) Adenine + Guanine (B) Thymine + Cytosine (C) Cytosine + Guanine (D) Cytosine + Adenine

Last Answer : Answer : C

In DNA molecule (A) Guanine content does not equal cytosine content (B) Adenine content does not equal thymine content (C) Adenine content equals uracil content (D) Guanine content equals cytosine content

Description : In DNA molecule (A) Guanine content does not equal cytosine content (B) Adenine content does not equal thymine content (C) Adenine content equals uracil content (D) Guanine content equals cytosine content

Last Answer : Answer : D

The nucleic acid base found in mRNA but not in DNA is (A) Adenine (B) Cytosine (C) Guanine (D) Uracil

Description : The nucleic acid base found in mRNA but not in DNA is (A) Adenine (B) Cytosine (C) Guanine (D) Uracil

Last Answer : Answer : D

DNA molecules are composed of deoxyribonucleotides of (a) Adenine and guanine (b) Adenine, guanine and cytosine (c) Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine (d) None of the above

Description : DNA molecules are composed of deoxyribonucleotides of (a) Adenine and guanine (b) Adenine, guanine and cytosine (c) Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine (d) None of the above

Last Answer : Ans:(c)

Purines found both in DNA and RNA are (a) cytosine and thymine (b) adenine and thymine (c) adenine and guanine (d) guanine and cytosine.

Description : Purines found both in DNA and RNA are (a) cytosine and thymine (b) adenine and thymine (c) adenine and guanine (d) guanine and cytosine.

Last Answer : (c) adenine and guanine

Which of the following is NOT a base in DNA? w) uracil x) guanine y) adenine z) cytosine

Description : Which of the following is NOT a base in DNA? w) uracil x) guanine y) adenine z) cytosine

Last Answer : ANSWER: W -- URACIL

A segment of DNA has 120 adenine and 120 cytosine bases. The total number of nucleotides present in the segment is (a) 120 (b) 240 (c) 60 (d) 480.

Description : A segment of DNA has 120 adenine and 120 cytosine bases. The total number of nucleotides present in the segment is (a) 120 (b) 240 (c) 60 (d) 480.

Last Answer : (d) 480.

The following statement(s) is/are true concerning newer detection methods of systemic infection. a. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a rapid immunologic assay used for both antigen and antibody detection b. Southern, northern, and western immunoblot techniques are used to detect DNA, RNA, or proteins, respectively c. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a sensitive assay used to detect small amounts of microbial DNA, thus detecting infection at its early stages d. Infectious agents currently detected using advanced molecular techniques include cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Description : The following statement(s) is/are true concerning newer detection methods of systemic infection. a. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a rapid immunologic assay used for ... detected using advanced molecular techniques include cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c, d Although the classic detection of infection based on clinical signs of infection and bacterial culture remain the most common clinical tools, increasing ... including CMV and HIV. Furthermore, preliminary investigations into possible detection of fungal pathogens are underway

The most likely lethal mutation is (A) Substitution of adenine for cytosine (B) Insertion of one nucleotide (C) Deletion of three nucleotides (D) Substitution of cytosine for guanine

Description : The most likely lethal mutation is (A) Substitution of adenine for cytosine (B) Insertion of one nucleotide (C) Deletion of three nucleotides (D) Substitution of cytosine for guanine

Last Answer : Answer : B

Cytokines are low-molecular-weight polypeptides exerting a wide variety of biologic effects at both local and systemic levels. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the production and actions of cytokines? a. Cytokines are produced solely by macrophages b. Cytokines act only on other cells within the same local environment c. Cytokines may have both protective and deleterious effects on the host d. Each specific cytokine is produced by a single cell type

Description : Cytokines are low-molecular-weight polypeptides exerting a wide variety of biologic effects at both local and systemic levels. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the production and ... effects on the host d. Each specific cytokine is produced by a single cell type

Last Answer : Answer: c Macrophages, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and other cells secrete a large number of different compounds, termed cytokines, that are most probably evolved for the purpose of ... host defenses, exerting both salutatory and deleterious effects on the host, has become increasingly evident

The neurohormonal arm of the stress response is well defined. Less is known about the inflammatory arm mediated primarily by cytokines. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning this arm of the surgical stress response? a. Cytokines primarily work locally via direct cell-to-cell communication b. Cytokines are never detectable in the systemic bloodstream c. Cytokines are produced only by immune cells attracted to the site of injury d. Cytokine release may stimulate the release of other cytokines leading to an important cascade of events

Description : The neurohormonal arm of the stress response is well defined. Less is known about the inflammatory arm mediated primarily by cytokines. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true ... Cytokine release may stimulate the release of other cytokines leading to an important cascade of events

Last Answer : Answer: a, d Cytokines, which are produced at the site of injury by endothelial cells and by diverse immune cells throughout the body, also occupy a pivotal position in the stress response ... act as hormones and spill over into the systemic circulation and become detectable in the bloodstream

A striking feature of living cells is a marked difference between the composition of the cytosol and the extracellular milieu. Which of the following statement(s) concerning the mechanisms of maintenance of these differences is/are true? a. The cell membrane is able to maintain a 10,000 fold gradient between the extracellular concentration of ionized calcium and the intracellular concentration b. The key to these differences is the fact that the plasma membrane is normally impermeable to sodium, potassium and calcium c. The selectivity of biologic membranes is highly consistent and seldom changes d. The selectivity of cell membranes relates only to ions and not organic compounds

Description : A striking feature of living cells is a marked difference between the composition of the cytosol and the extracellular milieu. Which of the following statement(s) concerning the mechanisms of maintenance ... d. The selectivity of cell membranes relates only to ions and not organic compounds

Last Answer : Answer: a The survival of the cell requires that cytosolic composition be maintained within narrow limits, despite the constant influx of nutrients and the simultaneous outflow of waste. A ... be altered drastically as a result of regulatory or signaling processes that occur within the cell

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the cell function of phagocytosis? a. Phagocytosis is a mechanistically distinct process of endocytosis performed by special cells to take up larger particles such as bacteria or erythrocytes b. Lymphocytes are the primary blood cell involved with this process c. The process involves a coating of the cytoplasmic surface known as clathrin d. Phagocytosis is performed only by white blood cells and tissue macrophages

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the cell function of phagocytosis? a. Phagocytosis is a mechanistically distinct process of endocytosis performed by special cells to take ... known as clathrin d. Phagocytosis is performed only by white blood cells and tissue macrophages

Last Answer : Answer: a Phagocytosis is a specialized form of endocytosis by which large particles are internalized by specialized cells primarily macrophages and neutrophils. To be phagocytosed, particles ... the lumen of the thyroid follicle, thereby releasing the thyroid hormones, thyroxine triiodothyronine

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning water movement across cell membranes? a. Water moves only actively through cell membrane transport proteins b. For most cells of the body, the transmembrane hydrostatic pressure is 0 c. Water distribution is determined entirely by solute distribution d. Specialized cells such as the glomerulus of the kidney actively transport water to maintain hydrostatic pressure

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning water movement across cell membranes? a. Water moves only actively through cell membrane transport proteins b. For most cells of ... cells such as the glomerulus of the kidney actively transport water to maintain hydrostatic pressure

Last Answer : Answer: b, c The energetics of water transport across cell membranes is simplified by the fact that water moves only passively due to gradients of hydrostatic pressure or water ... water is distributed at equilibrium. Water distribution is determined entirely by solute to solute distribution

A 55-year-old renal transplant patient has been hospitalized in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit, receiving a prolonged course of antibiotics following an attack of acute cholecystitis. The following statement(s) is/are true concerning his management. a. Due to the potential risk of Candida infection, prophylaxis with oral nystatin should be instituted early in the patient’s course b. A Candida urinary tract infection should be treated with systemic amphotericin B c. Changes of Candida retinitis are of little significance d. The presence of a virulent Candida bacteremia should suggest a dosage reduction in immunosuppressive agents until the infection can be adequately controlled

Description : A 55-year-old renal transplant patient has been hospitalized in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit, receiving a prolonged course of antibiotics following an attack of acute cholecystitis. The ... suggest a dosage reduction in immunosuppressive agents until the infection can be adequately controlled

Last Answer : Answer: a, d Infections due to fungal pathogens have become increasingly common during the past decade, frequently occurring in patients undergoing prolonged hospitalization in the Surgical ... agents should be discontinued until evidence of infection is absolutely controlled or is eradicated

The following statement(s) is/are true concerning initial microbiologic diagnostic techniques. a. Appropriate expeditious transport of specimens to the microbiology laboratory is essential for obtaining accurate clinical information b. The use of potassium hydroxide in preparing a specimen slide for light microscopy will be useful in identification of anaerobic bacteria c. Antibiotic sensitivity is determined by exposing the specific microorganism to varying amounts of antibiotic with the concentration of the antibiotic inhibiting growth referred to as the MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) d. Serum levels of antimicrobial agents should achieve in excess of a 4-to 8-fold increase over the MIC to be considered clinically efficacious.

Description : The following statement(s) is/are true concerning initial microbiologic diagnostic techniques. a. Appropriate expeditious transport of specimens to the microbiology laboratory is essential for obtaining accurate ... a 4-to 8-fold increase over the MIC to be considered clinically efficacious.

Last Answer : Answer: a, c, d Because most surgical infections are polymicrobial, specimens should be cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, as well as fungi. Although aerobic and aerotolerant ... fold increase over MIC during the peak serum level have been demonstrated to be clinically efficacious

What are adenine guanine cytosine and thymine?

Description : What are adenine guanine cytosine and thymine?

Last Answer : Cytosine thymine guanine and adenine are the nitrogenous bases found in the nucleotides that form DNA.DNA is made up of 3 parts:(1)Phosphate group(2)Deoxyribose(3)Nitrogen containing base.Complimentary ... of adenine->thymine Guanin -> cytosine and visa/versa. In RNA thymine is replaced with uracil

What are adenine guanine cytosine and thymine?

Description : What are adenine guanine cytosine and thymine?

Last Answer : Cytosine thymine guanine and adenine are the nitrogenous bases found in the nucleotides that form DNA.DNA is made up of 3 parts:(1)Phosphate group(2)Deoxyribose(3)Nitrogen containing base.Complimentary ... of adenine->thymine Guanin -> cytosine and visa/versa. In RNA thymine is replaced with uracil

In RNA, apart from ribose and phosphate, all following are present except (A) Adenine (B) Guanine (C) Thymine (D) Cytosine

Description : In RNA, apart from ribose and phosphate, all following are present except (A) Adenine (B) Guanine (C) Thymine (D) Cytosine

Last Answer : Answer : C

Acid hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid would yield the following major products: (A) d- deoxyribose, cytosine, adenine (B) d-ribose, thymine, Guanine (C) d-ribose, cytosine, uracil, thymine (D) d-ribose, uracil, adenine, guanine, cytosine

Description : Acid hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid would yield the following major products: (A) d- deoxyribose, cytosine, adenine (B) d-ribose, thymine, Guanine (C) d-ribose, cytosine, uracil, thymine (D) d-ribose, uracil, adenine, guanine, cytosine

Last Answer : Answer : D

Hybridoma cells are selected by culturing them in a medium containing (A) Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine (B) Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil (C) Hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymine (D) Hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine

Description : Hybridoma cells are selected by culturing them in a medium containing (A) Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine (B) Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil (C) Hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymine (D) Hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine

Last Answer : Answer : D

Nitrosamine can deaminate (A) Cytosine to form uracil (B) Adenine to form xanthine (C) Guanine to form hypoxanthine (D) All of these

Description : Nitrosamine can deaminate (A) Cytosine to form uracil (B) Adenine to form xanthine (C) Guanine to form hypoxanthine (D) All of these

Last Answer : Answer : A

In RNA, the complementary base of adenine is (A) Cytosine (B) Guanine (C) Thymine (D) Uracil

Description : In RNA, the complementary base of adenine is (A) Cytosine (B) Guanine (C) Thymine (D) Uracil

Last Answer : Answer : D

In RNA molecule (A) Guanine content equals cytosine (B) Adenine content equals uracil (C) Adenine content equals guanine (D) Guanine content does not necessarily equal its cytosine content.

Description : In RNA molecule (A) Guanine content equals cytosine (B) Adenine content equals uracil (C) Adenine content equals guanine (D) Guanine content does not necessarily equal its cytosine content.

Last Answer : Answer : D

In RNA molecule guanine content does not necessarily equal its cytosine content nor does its adenine content necessarily equal its uracil content since it is a (A) Single strand molecule (B) Double stranded molecule (C) Double stranded helical molecule (D) Polymer of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides

Description : In RNA molecule guanine content does not necessarily equal its cytosine content nor does its adenine content necessarily equal its uracil content since it is a (A) Single strand molecule ( ... stranded molecule (C) Double stranded helical molecule (D) Polymer of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides

Last Answer : Answer : A

Which base in place of thymine is present in RNA? (1) Adenine (2) Guanine (3) Uracil (4) Cytosine

Description : Which base in place of thymine is present in RNA? (1) Adenine (2) Guanine (3) Uracil (4) Cytosine

Last Answer : (3) Uracil Explanation: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) contains 2-cleoxy-ribose sugar. It contains cytosine and thymine as pyrimidine bases and guanine and adenine as purine bases. RNA (Ribonucleic ... sugar. It contains cytosine and uracil as pyrimidine bases and guanine and adenine as purine bases.

.Genetic code consists of (a) adenine and guanine (b) cytosine and uracil (c) cytosine and guanine (d) all of these.

Description : .Genetic code consists of (a) adenine and guanine (b) cytosine and uracil (c) cytosine and guanine (d) all of these.

Last Answer : d) all of these.

Genetic code consists of (a) adenine and guanine (b) cytosine and uracil (c) cytosine and guanine (d) all of these.

Description : Genetic code consists of (a) adenine and guanine (b) cytosine and uracil (c) cytosine and guanine (d) all of these.

Last Answer : (d) all of these.

Guanine is always paired with a. adenine b. cytosine c. thymine d. uracil

Description : Guanine is always paired with a. adenine b. cytosine c. thymine d. uracil

Last Answer : cytosine

Adenine is always paired with a. guanine b. cytosine c. thymine d. uracil

Description : Adenine is always paired with a. guanine b. cytosine c. thymine d. uracil

Last Answer : thymine

Following nuclestides are called pyrimidine a. adenine b. guanine c. cytosine d. all

Description : Following nuclestides are called pyrimidine a. adenine b. guanine c. cytosine d. all

Last Answer : cytosine

In RNA, thymine is replaced by (a) adenine (b) guanine (c) cytosine (d) uracil.

Description : In RNA, thymine is replaced by (a) adenine (b) guanine (c) cytosine (d) uracil.

Last Answer : d) uracil.

The telomeres of eukaryotic chromosomes consist of short sequences of (a) thymine rich repeats (b) cytosine rich repeats (c) adenine rich repeats (d) guanine rich repeats.

Description : The telomeres of eukaryotic chromosomes consist of short sequences of (a) thymine rich repeats (b) cytosine rich repeats (c) adenine rich repeats (d) guanine rich repeats.

Last Answer : (d) guanine rich repeats.

Which base in place of thymine is present in RNA ? (1) Adenine (2) Guanine (3) Uracil (4) Cytosine

Description : Which base in place of thymine is present in RNA ? (1) Adenine (2) Guanine (3) Uracil (4) Cytosine

Last Answer : Uracil

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the multiorgan failure syndrome (MOFS)? a. Changes in the splanchnic and pulmonary microcirculation are critical to the development of MOFS b. Tissue fixed microphages, including the liver Kupffer cell, have little role in the development of MOFS c. MOFS represents systemic consequences of loss of homeostatic control of local inflammation and microcirculatory hypoperfusion d. The nature of MOFS is highly dependent upon the etiology of the underlying problem

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the multiorgan failure syndrome (MOFS)? a. Changes in the splanchnic and pulmonary microcirculation are critical to the development of MOFS ... d. The nature of MOFS is highly dependent upon the etiology of the underlying problem

Last Answer : Answer: a, c The nature of multiorgan failure syndrome (MOFS) is that of a diffuse cellular injury, developing systemically as a consequence of losing homeostatic control of local ... of microorganism. In noninfectious cases, the response also appears independent of the specific underlying cause

The complement system consists of a series of serum proteins that exist in a quiescent or very low-level state of activation in the uninfected host. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning complement activation? a. The alternate (properdin) pathway of complement activation can occur directly through contact with fungal or bacterial cell wall compounds b. Complement component fragments may serve to decrease vascular permeability c. Excessive complement activation can produce deleterious effects d. Fragments of certain complement components serve as chemoattractants to additional cellular components of the host defense mechanism

Description : The complement system consists of a series of serum proteins that exist in a quiescent or very low-level state of activation in the uninfected host. Which of the following ... certain complement components serve as chemoattractants to additional cellular components of the host defense mechanism

Last Answer : Answer: a, c, d Complement activation can occur through either classic or alternate (properdin) pathways, both of which eventuate in deposition of terminal complement pathway components on the ... and release of lysosomal enzymes that can directly damage certain target tissues, such as the lung

Increasing evidence has implicated gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS endotoxin) as the portion of the gram-negative bacterial cell membrane responsible for many, if not all the toxic effects that occur during gram-negative bacterial sepsis. The following statement(s) is/are true concerning LPS and the host response. a. The LPS molecule can in itself cause physiologic responses similar to that seen during gram-negative bacterial sepsis b. LPS triggers host macrophages to release a variety of cytokines including TNF-a, IL-1a, and IL-1b, IL-6, and IFN-a c. Excessive cytokine production is not associated with detrimental consequences d. TNFa and IL-1b appear to be the primary mediators within the host, exerting deleterious effects on the host when excessive amounts reach the syst

Description : Increasing evidence has implicated gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS endotoxin) as the portion of the gram-negative bacterial cell membrane responsible for many, if not all the ... host, exerting deleterious effects on the host when excessive amounts reach the systemic circulation

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, d The LPS molecule exerts diverse effects on the mammalian host. Immunologic responses to LPS include nonspecific polyclonal B-cell proliferation, macrophage activation and ... deleterious effects on the host only after large amounts are secreted and reach the systemic circulation

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the proliferative phase of wound healing? a. The macrophage is the predominant cell type b. The pink or purple-red appearance of a wound is due to ingrowth and proliferation of endothelial cells c. Collagen, the dominant structural molecule of the wound matrix, contains two unique amino acids, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine d. The predominant collagen type in a scar is type 3

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the proliferative phase of wound healing? a. The macrophage is the predominant cell type b. The pink or purple-red appearance of a wound ... amino acids, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine d. The predominant collagen type in a scar is type 3

Last Answer : Answer: b, c The proliferative phase of wound healing begins with the formation of a provisional matrix of fibrin and fibronectin as part of the initial clot formation. Initially, the provisional ... The principal collagen type scar is type 1, with lesser amounts of type 3 collagen also present

There are two properties of the cell necessary to maintain nonequilibrium cellular composition; the first is selectivity and the second is energy conversion. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning energy converting transport? a. The site of energy conversion and transport in the plasma membrane involves the phospholipid component b. The Na+-K++-ATPase derives energy from hydrolysis of extracellular ATP c. In some systems, energy inherent in the transmembrane ion gradient can be used to drive transport of a second species d. Examples of species transported via secondary active transport include hydrogen ions, calcium, amino acids and glucose

Description : There are two properties of the cell necessary to maintain nonequilibrium cellular composition; the first is selectivity and the second is energy conversion. Which of the following statement(s ... transported via secondary active transport include hydrogen ions, calcium, amino acids and glucose

Last Answer : Answer: c, d The selectivity of the plasma membrane, although impressive, cannot account for the nonequilibrium composition of living cells. A cell can be maintained in a nonequilibrium state only by ... to drive the transport of a second species such as protons, calcium, amino acids, or glucose