(i) The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has successfully resisted deforestation in several areas of Uttarakhand. Formers and citizen’s groups like the Beej Bachao Audolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that large scale production of crops is possible without the use of syntahetic chemicals (ii) Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme has been in formal existance since 1988 when orissa passed the first resolution for joint forest management. JFM depends on the formation of local institutions that undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department.