Revolutionaries spread the idea in Europe after 1815: 1. The autocratic rule after 1815 had caused fear of repression so the liberal-nationalists started to work underground. 2. They formed secret societies to spread ideas and train revolutionaries. 3. Being a revolutionary was a commitment to struggle for liberty and freedom and they considered nation states necessary for it to happen. 4. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who was a member of a secret society, was exiled for attempting a revolution in Liguria and still formed two other secret societies. 5. Following this model, secret societies were set up in France, Germany, Switzerland, and Poland.