The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. 1. As an enormous increase in population was witnessed all over Europe, there were more seekers of job than employment. Population from rural areas often migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums. 2. Small producers in towns were faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialization was more advanced. For example.This was the situation in case of textile production which was mainly carried out in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised. 3. In the regions of Europe, where the aristocracy enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. 4. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country. For example-In 1848, food shortages and widespread unemployment had brought the population of Paris out on the roads. 5. In 1845, weavers in Silesia had revolted against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments. NOTE - The Conservative rulers established political regimes after the defeat of Napoleon. 'Revolution' and growth of the feelings of Nationalism helped in uniting the people in the various European States. People at the same time also faced a lot of problems in their day-to-day lives. Important - Students need to explain all the problems irrespective of marks allotted to the question. OR The French saw the sphere of education as a way of civilizing the 'native' i.e. the Vietnamese. 1. The French faced the dilemma related to the extent to which the Vietnamese had to be educated. Although the French needed an educated labour force, however, they feared that once educated, the Vietnamese would begin to question colonial domination. The French also feared to lose their jobs as teachers, policemen, shopkeepers to the - educated Vietnamese. 2. The powerful influence of the Chinese Culture upon the elites in Vietnam was another problem faced by the French. In order to consolidate power, they had to counter the Chinese influence. They, therefore, tried to systematically destroy the traditional education systems and put the French schools in place. 3. As the French sought to establish schools with the curriculum in accordance with their culture, teachers, as well as students, did not blindly follow it. As the numbers of Vietnamese teachers increased in the lower classes, they silently changed the text and often criticized what was actually written. Protest in schools, for example, in the Saigon Native Girls School is another example of resistance which the French had to counter. NOTE - Schools became important places for the political and cultural battle which was fought with French who tried to dismantle the Vietnamese culture.