(a) Circumstances that led to Jallianwala Bagh incident were. The Rowlatt Act (1919) was passed by the British government despite the united opposition of the Indian members. This Act gave enormous powers to the government to repress political activities and allowed detention of any person without trial for two years. Gandhiii wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws. Rallies were organised in different cities. Alarmed by the popular upsurge. British administration imposed martial law in Amritsar. Jallianwala Bagh is situated in Amritsar (Puniab). Here as a mark of protest against the Rowlatt Act. a peaceful assembly was going on. People from many surrounding villages were participating. Some came here to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. The garden where people assembled was enclosed on three sides and had only one entrance. In order to terrorise the people. General Dyer entered the park with troops. Without giving any warning to the people. he ordered his sepoys to fire at them. In this firing, many people were killed and many wounded. (b) The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement. The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924). was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British Government and to protect the Ottoman empire during the aftermath of First World War. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed. Todefend his power. a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders put pressure upon the British Government to give better treatment to Turkey. The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January, 1921. (c) The Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside. (i) In Awadh, peasants under the leadership of Babs Ram Chandra revolted against the talukdars and the landlords who demanded very high rent and different taxes from them. The peasant demanded reduction of revenue. abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. In many places, local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor. (ii) In the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, a Militant Guerrilla Movement spread. The colonial government had closed large forest areas which affected the livelihood of the forest people. When the government forced them to contribute begar or free labour, they revolted. Alluri Sitaram Rain inspired by Gandhiji's ideals came to lead them. Inspired by Gandhiji’s N on-Cooperation Movement, be persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. But he did not believe in non-violence thus the Gudem rebels attacked police stations and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.