Explain any five of the following terms (in not more than four lines each): (i) Osmosis Glycolysis (ii) Phototaxis (iii) Transpiration (iv) Saponification (v) Emulsion

Explain any five of the following terms (in not more than four lines each):
(i) Osmosis Glycolysis
(ii) Phototaxis
(iii) Transpiration
(iv) Saponification
(v) Emulsion
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1 Answer

Answer :

(i) Osmosis: osmosis, in botany and chemistry, the flow of one constituent of a solution through a membrane while the other constituents are blocked and unable to pass through the (selecyively permeable membrane)membrane. experimentation is necessary to determine which membranes permit selective flow, or osmosis, because not all membranes act in this way. many membranes allow all or none of the constituents of a solution to pass through; only a few allow a selective flow.

Glycolysis: Glycolysis, chemical process in which glucose is broken down, or catabolized, into the simpler sugar lactic acid, and energy is released.

(ii) Phototaxis: movement of organism caused by light: movement of an organism either toward or away from a source of light . Phototaxis is called positive if the movement is in the direction of light and negative if the direction is opposite.

(iii) Transpiration: Transpiration, evaporation of water particles from plant surfaces, especially from the surface openings, or stomata, on leaves . Stomatal transpiration accounts for most of the water loss by a plant, but some direct evaporation also takes place through the surfaces of the epidermal cells of the leaves.

(iv) Saponification: Saponification is the hydrolysis of an ester under basic conditions to form an alcohol and the salt of a carboxylic acid (carboxylates). Saponification is commonly used to refer to the reaction of a metallic alkali (base) with a fat or oil to form soap. Saponifiable substances are those that can be converted into soap. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a caustic base. If NaOH is used a hard soap is formed, whereas when potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used, a soft soap is formed. Vegetable oils and animal fats are fatty esters in the form of triglycerides. The alkali breaks the ester bond and releases the fatty acid salt and glycerol. If necessary, soaps may be precipitated by salting it out with saturated sodium chloride. The saponification value is the amount of base required to saponify a fat sample.

(v) Emulsion: A suspension of small globules of one liquid in a second liquid with which the first will not mix: an emulsion of oil in vinegar
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