The activities of the cytoskeleton is dependent on which of the following types of filaments? a. Microtubules b. Intermediate filaments c. Actin filaments d. None of the above

The activities of the cytoskeleton is dependent on which of the following types of filaments? a. Microtubules b. Intermediate filaments c. Actin filaments d. None of the above
by

1 Answer

Answer :

Answer: a, b, c  The cytoskeleton is a collection of filamentous protein structures that allow cells to assume and maintain a variety of shapes, to produce directed movement of organelles within the cell, and to affect movement of the entire cell relative to other cells. These multiple activities depend upon three main types of filaments: actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
by
selected

Related questions

What is the function of proteins like microtubules and actin filaments?

Description : What is the function of proteins like microtubules and actin filaments?

Last Answer : Give structure to cells.

The solid linear cytoskeletal elements having a diameter of 6 nm and made up of a single type of monomer are known as (a) microtubules (b) microfilaments (c) intermediate filaments (d) lamins.

Description : The solid linear cytoskeletal elements having a diameter of 6 nm and made up of a single type of monomer are known as (a) microtubules (b) microfilaments (c) intermediate filaments (d) lamins.

Last Answer : (b) microfilaments

Endoskeleton of a cell is made up of (A) Microtubules (B) Microfilaments (C) Intermediate filaments (D) All of these

Description : Endoskeleton of a cell is made up of (A) Microtubules (B) Microfilaments (C) Intermediate filaments (D) All of these

Last Answer : (D) All of these

Which of the following are regularly assembled and disassembled during cell cycle. (A) Microtubules (B) Intermediate filaments (C) Both A and B (D) None of these

Description : Which of the following are regularly assembled and disassembled during cell cycle. (A) Microtubules (B) Intermediate filaments (C) Both A and B (D) None of these

Last Answer : (A) Microtubules

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning wound contraction? a. Wound contraction accounts for similar rates of reduction of wound size regardless of their location b. The fibroblast, at the cellular level, is the primary force driving wound contraction c. Excessive wound contraction, when occurring over a joint, may lead to disability d. Actin microfillaments are found in fibroblasts and may play a role in wound contracture

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning wound contraction? a. Wound contraction accounts for similar rates of reduction of wound size regardless of their location b. The fibroblast ... d. Actin microfillaments are found in fibroblasts and may play a role in wound contracture

Last Answer : Answer: b, c, d Wound contraction is an important event which contrasts healing open wounds and closed incisions. When open wounds contract, the surrounding skin is pulled over the open wound ... number in contracting wounds and are felt to play an active role in the process of wound contraction

Fibrinolytic therapy is based on activation of plasminogen, the inactive proteolytic enzyme of plasma that binds to fibrin during the formation of thrombosis. Activation of plasminogen to plasmin results in selective thrombolysis at the fibrin clot surface. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning agents used in thrombolytic therapy? a. Streptokinase is a bacterial protein which is antigenic in humans, resulting in allergic reactions in up to l5% of cases b. Tissue plasminogen activator acts directly on plasmin without an intermediate drug–plasmin complex c. The half-life of urokinase, streptokinase, and TPA all exceed 30 minutes d. Streptokinase is significantly cheaper than urokinase or TPA

Description : Fibrinolytic therapy is based on activation of plasminogen, the inactive proteolytic enzyme of plasma that binds to fibrin during the formation of thrombosis. Activation of plasminogen to plasmin results ... TPA all exceed 30 minutes d. Streptokinase is significantly cheaper than urokinase or TPA

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, d Streptokinase is a bacterial protein produced by group C b-hemolytic streptococci. It is therefore antigenic in humans and can be associated with allergic reaction in ... one agent over the other. Streptokinase however, is markedly less expensive than either urokinase or TPA

Microtubules consist of helically stacked molecules of the protein (A) Actin (B) Myosin (C) Keratin (D) Tubulin

Description : Microtubules consist of helically stacked molecules of the protein (A) Actin (B) Myosin (C) Keratin (D) Tubulin

Last Answer : (D) Tubulin

The following points about microfilaments are true except (A) They form cytoskeleton with microtubules (B) They provide support and shape (C) They form intracellular conducting channels (D) They are involved in muscle cell contraction

Description : The following points about microfilaments are true except (A) They form cytoskeleton with microtubules (B) They provide support and shape (C) They form intracellular conducting channels (D) They are involved in muscle cell contraction

Last Answer : C

The H-disk in the skeletal muscle fibre is due to (a) the absence of myofibrils in the central portion of Aband (b) the central gap between myosin filaments in the Aband Questions (c) the central gap between actin filaments extending through myosin filaments in the A-band (d) birefringence of myosin filaments in the central portion of A-band

Description : The H-disk in the skeletal muscle fibre is due to (a) the absence of myofibrils in the central portion of Aband (b) the central gap between myosin filaments in the Aband Questions (c) the ... myosin filaments in the A-band (d) birefringence of myosin filaments in the central portion of A-band

Last Answer : Ans:(c)

With reference to the skeletal muscle myofilaments a. actin is the major constituent of thin filaments b. myosin and tropomyosin combine to form the thick filaments c. troponin is a constituents of thin filaments d. tropomyosin prevents the interaction of actin and myosin in the resting state

Description : With reference to the skeletal muscle myofilaments a. actin is the major constituent of thin filaments b. myosin and tropomyosin combine to form the thick filaments c. troponin is a constituents of thin filaments d. tropomyosin prevents the interaction of actin and myosin in the resting state

Last Answer : actin is the major constituent of thin filaments

During muscle contraction in humans, the (a) sarcomere does not shorten (b) A band remains same (c) A, H and I bands shorten (d) actin filaments shorten.

Description : During muscle contraction in humans, the (a) sarcomere does not shorten (b) A band remains same (c) A, H and I bands shorten (d) actin filaments shorten.

Last Answer : (b) A band remains same

The H-zone in the skeletal muscle fibre is due to (a) the central gap between actin filaments extending through myosin filaments in the A-band (b) extension of myosin filaments in the central portion of the A-band (c) the absence of myofibrils in the central portion of A-band (d) the central gap between myosin filaments in the A-band.

Description : The H-zone in the skeletal muscle fibre is due to (a) the central gap between actin filaments extending through myosin filaments in the A-band (b) extension of myosin filaments in the central portion ... the central portion of A-band (d) the central gap between myosin filaments in the A-band.

Last Answer : (a) the central gap between actin filaments extending through myosin filaments in the A-band

Sliding filament theory can be best explained as (a) actin and myosin filaments do not shorten but rather slide pass each other (b) when myofilaments slide pass each other, myosin filaments shorten while actin filaments do not shorten (c) when myofilaments slide pass each other actin filaments shorten while myosin filaments do not shorten (d) actin and myosin filaments shorten and slide pass each other.

Description : Sliding filament theory can be best explained as (a) actin and myosin filaments do not shorten but rather slide pass each other (b) when myofilaments slide pass each other, myosin filaments shorten ... filaments do not shorten (d) actin and myosin filaments shorten and slide pass each other.

Last Answer : (a) actin and myosin filaments do not shorten but rather slide pass each other

Cytoskeleton is made up of (a) callose deposits (b) cellulosic microfibrils (c) proteinaceous filaments (d) calcium carbonate granules.

Description : Cytoskeleton is made up of (a) callose deposits (b) cellulosic microfibrils (c) proteinaceous filaments (d) calcium carbonate granules.

Last Answer : (c) proteinaceous filaments

The three-dimensional network of protein filaments within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is called the (A) Endoplasmic reticulum (B) Golgi apparatus (C) Cytoskeleton (D) None of these

Description : The three-dimensional network of protein filaments within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is called the (A) Endoplasmic reticulum (B) Golgi apparatus (C) Cytoskeleton (D) None of these

Last Answer : (C) Cytoskeleton

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning oxygen delivery? a. The amount of oxygen delivered to peripheral tissues is dependent upon the oxygen content in arterial blood and cardiac output b. Oxygen content is commonly measured in arterial blood c. The normal arterial-venous difference is 4 cc O2/dL d. Normal systemic oxygen delivery for a typical adult is approximately 1000 cc/min

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning oxygen delivery? a. The amount of oxygen delivered to peripheral tissues is dependent upon the oxygen content in arterial blood and cardiac ... O2/dL d. Normal systemic oxygen delivery for a typical adult is approximately 1000 cc/min

Last Answer : Answer: a, c, d The amount of oxygen that is delivered to peripheral tissues is the product of the oxygen content in arterial blood times the cardiac output. Normally, oxygen content of arterial blood is ... of venous blood is 16 cc/dL. Hence, the normal arterial-venous difference is 4 cc O2/dL

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning oxygen consumption (O2)? a. O2 is normally 100–120 cc2/m2/min b. Resting O2 is controlled by the level of thyroid and catecholamine hormones c. Under steady state conditions the amount of oxygen consumed exceeds the amount of oxygen taken up by the pulmonary capillaries d. O2 is dependent on the status of pulmonary function

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning oxygen consumption (O2)? a. O2 is normally 100-120 cc2/m2/min b. Resting O2 is controlled by the level of thyroid and catecholamine ... of oxygen taken up by the pulmonary capillaries d. O2 is dependent on the status of pulmonary function

Last Answer : Answer: a, b Oxygen consumed in the process of metabolism is expressed as the volume of oxygen per minute (O2). O2 is normally 100-120 cc2/m2/min, or 200 cc/min for a typical adult. ... , so we measure O2 across the lung and assume that it is exactly the amount consumed in the systemic metabolism

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the multiorgan failure syndrome (MOFS)? a. Changes in the splanchnic and pulmonary microcirculation are critical to the development of MOFS b. Tissue fixed microphages, including the liver Kupffer cell, have little role in the development of MOFS c. MOFS represents systemic consequences of loss of homeostatic control of local inflammation and microcirculatory hypoperfusion d. The nature of MOFS is highly dependent upon the etiology of the underlying problem

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the multiorgan failure syndrome (MOFS)? a. Changes in the splanchnic and pulmonary microcirculation are critical to the development of MOFS ... d. The nature of MOFS is highly dependent upon the etiology of the underlying problem

Last Answer : Answer: a, c The nature of multiorgan failure syndrome (MOFS) is that of a diffuse cellular injury, developing systemically as a consequence of losing homeostatic control of local ... of microorganism. In noninfectious cases, the response also appears independent of the specific underlying cause

A 65-year old patient has colon carcinoma metastatic to the liver and lungs. He has had a weight loss of 10 kg. Cytokine-dependent tumor cachexia is attributable to which of the following? a. Increased glucose uptake and increased glycogen breakdown occur in this circumstance. b. Suppressed activity of lipoprotein lipase results from TNFa c. TNFa stimulates lipolysis d. The differentiation process of pre-adipocytes is impaired e. Partial reversal of differentiated adipocytes to pre-adipocyte morphology and gene expression occurs

Description : A 65-year old patient has colon carcinoma metastatic to the liver and lungs. He has had a weight loss of 10 kg. Cytokine-dependent tumor cachexia is attributable to which of the ... is impaired e. Partial reversal of differentiated adipocytes to pre-adipocyte morphology and gene expression occurs

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c, d, e Tumor cachexia appears to be mediated by TNFa. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as other cytokines, activate a variety of inflammatory cells, most ... chronic syndromes of anorexia, weight loss, and cachexia that are associated with both chronic infection and malignancy

The standard management oral anticoagulant therapy for chronic treatment of venous thromboembolism is with the drug warfarin. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the administration of warfarin? a. An important complication of warfarin therapy is skin necrosis in patients with protein C deficiency b. Warfarin interferes with vitamin K dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, X c. For effective anticoagulation the prothrombin time (PT) should be kept at 2 control d. It is recommended that warfarin be continued for at least one year after initial episode of deep venous thrombosis

Description : The standard management oral anticoagulant therapy for chronic treatment of venous thromboembolism is with the drug warfarin. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the administration ... warfarin be continued for at least one year after initial episode of deep venous thrombosis

Last Answer : Answer: a, b Warfarin interferes with the vitamin K dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX and X, protein C, and protein S. An important complication of warfarin is skin ... the benefit from anticoagulant therapy and thus is the basis for discontinuing warfarin administration at this time

A patient with gross fecal contamination and peritonitis from a ruptured sigmoid diverticulum has his midline wound left open to heal by secondary intention. Which of the following statement(s) describes this healing process? a. Wounds healing in this fashion have an altered sequence of healing compared to a primarily closed wound b. A bed of granulation tissue forms over exposed subcutaneous tissue c. Epithelialization is enhanced in the face of bacterial colonization d. The ability of a wound to form granulation tissue is dependent on the blood supply of the tissue

Description : A patient with gross fecal contamination and peritonitis from a ruptured sigmoid diverticulum has his midline wound left open to heal by secondary intention. Which of the following statement(s) describes this ... of a wound to form granulation tissue is dependent on the blood supply of the tissue

Last Answer : Answer: b, d Open wounds, whether they be ulcers or open surgical incisions closing by secondary intention, heal with the same sequence of inflammation, matrix deposition, epithelialization ... via bacterial and phagocytic cell products such as proteases, collagenases, elastases, and other enzymes

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning translation of the mRNA message to protein synthesis? a. An adaptor molecule, tRNA, recognizes specific nucleic acid bases and unites them with specific amino acids b. Covalent attachment of tRNA to amino acids is energy dependent c. The formation of a peptide bond between the growing peptide chain and the free amino acid occurs in the free cytoplasm d. Complete protein synthesis takes hours

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning translation of the mRNA message to protein synthesis? a. An adaptor molecule, tRNA, recognizes specific nucleic acid bases and unites them ... and the free amino acid occurs in the free cytoplasm d. Complete protein synthesis takes hours

Last Answer : Answer: a, b The synthesis of protein involves conversion from a four-letter nucleotide language to one of 20 chemically distinct amino acids. This process is referred to as ... translation and be moving down the mRNA molecules simultaneously, thus increasing the rate of protein synthesis

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the cell plasma membrane? a. The plasma membrane is composed of amphipathic molecules b. The hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane contains specialized transport proteins which maintain the intracellular ionic milieu different from the extracellular fluid c. Plasma membrane proteins extend externally and bear phospholipid moieties which contribute to the cell coat d. The membrane proteins of nerve cells are highly voltage-dependent

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the cell plasma membrane? a. The plasma membrane is composed of amphipathic molecules b. The hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer of the ... contribute to the cell coat d. The membrane proteins of nerve cells are highly voltage-dependent

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, d The plasma membrane defines the boundary of the cell and serves to contain and concentrate enzymes and other macromolecule constituents. The plasma membrane is ... and bear carbohydrate moieties primarily as oligosaccharide chains that contribute to the cell coat or glycocalyx

Intensive insulin therapy: A. Prevents the aggressive development of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. B. Is not associated with unawareness of hypoglycemia. C. Improves peripheral neuropathy. D. Improves established retinopathy and nephropathy. E. Is indicated in all patients with non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

Description : Intensive insulin therapy: A. Prevents the aggressive development of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. B. Is not associated with unawareness of hypoglycemia. C. Improves peripheral neuropathy. D. ... . E. Is indicated in all patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

Last Answer : Answer: C DISCUSSION: Intensive insulin therapy is indicated in patients with IDDM who can actively participate in their own management and the attainment of the goals set for ... or prevents progression of these complications; however, better glucose control may improve peripheral neuropathy

Which of the following statements about delivery-dependent oxygen consumption are true? A. Below the critical oxygen delivery (D(overdot)O 2crit), one would expect to see a decrease in the lactate-pyruvate ratio. B. D(overdot)O 2crit may be increased in patients with sepsis. C. A desirable goal in the treatment of shock is to achieve delivery-independent oxygen consumption. D. The oxygen extraction ratio remains constant as long as oxygen delivery remains above D(overdot)O 2crit.

Description : Which of the following statements about delivery-dependent oxygen consumption are true? A. Below the critical oxygen delivery (D(overdot)O 2crit), one would expect to see a decrease in the ... oxygen extraction ratio remains constant as long as oxygen delivery remains above D(overdot)O 2crit.

Last Answer : Answer: BC DISCUSSION: Oxygen consumption is said to be delivery dependent below a critical point, D(overdot)O 2crit, at which anaerobic metabolism supervenes. Above this point, oxygen ... the therapeutic benefit of trying to achieve supranormal oxygen delivery has not been firmly established

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning cell membrane receptors? a. The largest family of cell surface receptors are the G-protein-linked receptors b. Activities of the G-protein involve binding and hydrolysis of ATP c. The G protein receptor generates an intracellular messenger commonly through the use adenylate cyclase d. Tyrosine kinase receptors are considered G-protein-linked receptors

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning cell membrane receptors? a. The largest family of cell surface receptors are the G-protein-linked receptors b. Activities of the ... through the use adenylate cyclase d. Tyrosine kinase receptors are considered G-protein-linked receptors

Last Answer : Answer: a, c All water-soluble regulatory molecules bind to the cell surface receptor proteins. Binding of the appropriate ligand evokes an intracellular signal which usually regulates ... are adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP, and the polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C

Difference between microfilaments and intermediate filaments? -Biology

Description : Difference between microfilaments and intermediate filaments? -Biology

Last Answer : answer:

Difference between microfilaments and intermediate filaments? -Biology

Description : Difference between microfilaments and intermediate filaments? -Biology

Last Answer : answer:

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the various types of shock? a. Traumatic shock is more commonly associated with subsequent organ injury and multiorgan failure syndrome than hemorrhagic shock b. Cardiogenic shock can be of either an intrinsic or compressive nature c. Hypodynamic septic shock is associated with a decreased mortality risk when compared with hyperdynamic septic shock d. Hypoadrenal shock usually responds quickly to resuscitation e. Neurogenic shock occurs with the absence of sympathetic activity

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the various types of shock? a. Traumatic shock is more commonly associated with subsequent organ injury and multiorgan failure ... responds quickly to resuscitation e. Neurogenic shock occurs with the absence of sympathetic activity

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, d, e Classification schemes of shock based on cause have been developed for the seemingly dissimilar processes leading to circulatory collapse and the shock state. ... and pressor agents. The response to exogenous corticosteroids is usually dramatic and potentially life-saving

Antibacterial agents can be classified with regard to their structure, mechanism of action, and activity pattern against various types of bacterial pathogens. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning antimicrobial classes? a. Penicillins and cephalosporins share the compound structure of a b-lactam ring which binds to bacterial division plate proteins b. Tetracyclines and macrolides such as erythromycin inhibit bacterial ribosomal activity and therefore protein synthesis c. Aminoglycosides act in a similar fashion to tetracyclines and therefore are both bacteriostatic d. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim act synergistically to inhibit purine synthesis

Description : Antibacterial agents can be classified with regard to their structure, mechanism of action, and activity pattern against various types of bacterial pathogens. Which of the following ... are both bacteriostatic d. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim act synergistically to inhibit purine synthesis

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, d Penicillins, cephalosporins, and monobactams possess a b-lactam ring of some type and act to bind bacterial division plate proteins, thus inhibiting cell wall ... act in different mechanisms to inhibit protein synthesis, therefore two agents in combination act synergistically

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning carrier proteins? a. Carrier proteins are distinguished by three types of mechanisms: carrier-type, channel-type, and conduction-type b. Conformational changes in the membrane protein occur between the conducting and the nonconducting states c. A channel-type carrier protein has two states—closed and open d. Carrier-type transport proteins are equally accessible from either side of the membrane

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning carrier proteins? a. Carrier proteins are distinguished by three types of mechanisms: carrier-type, channel-type, and conduction-type b. ... and open d. Carrier-type transport proteins are equally accessible from either side of the membrane

Last Answer : Answer: b, c Most transport proteins appear to function as carriers, rather than channels. Important distinctions can be made between types of carrier proteins on the basis of transport kinetics. ... a carrier mechanism, the binding site is available only one side of the membrane at any instant

Which of the following cell types are not crucial for healing a clean, incisional wound? A. Macrophage. B. Platelet. C. Fibroblast. D. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte. E. Myofibroblast.

Description : Which of the following cell types are not crucial for healing a clean, incisional wound? A. Macrophage. B. Platelet. C. Fibroblast. D. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte. E. Myofibroblast.

Last Answer : Answer: DE DISCUSSION: Experimental studies have shown that healing may progress normally in the absence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in an uninfected wound. In contrast, depletion of monocytes and ... wound contraction in open defects but have little if any role in clean, incisional wounds

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning carbon dioxide kinetics? a. The amount of carbon dioxide produced is equivalent to the amount of oxygen consumed b. Carbon dioxide levels in blood, present mostly as a bicarbonate ion, can quickly change c. Normally the amount of carbon dioxide excreted through the lung is exactly equal to the amount of carbon dioxide produced in peripheral tissues d. The amount of carbon dioxide excreted is a function of ventilation of perfused alveoli

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning carbon dioxide kinetics? a. The amount of carbon dioxide produced is equivalent to the amount of oxygen consumed b. Carbon dioxide levels ... tissues d. The amount of carbon dioxide excreted is a function of ventilation of perfused alveoli

Last Answer : Answer: a, c, d The total amount of carbon dioxide produced by systemic metabolism is roughly equivalent to the amount of oxygen consumed (100-120 cc/m2/min, 200 cc/min in a typical ... carbon dioxide excreted is a function of ventilation of perfused alveoli (i.e. the alveolar ventilation/min).

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the outcome in patients with acute renal failure? a. Mortality for ischemic acute tubular necrosis without other organ failure is approximately 6% b. Multiple organ failure complicated with acute renal failure is associated with mortality ranging from 50% to 90% c. Recovery of renal function after six weeks is unlikely d. There is no difference in survival between oliguric and nonoliguric renal failure

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the outcome in patients with acute renal failure? a. Mortality for ischemic acute tubular necrosis without other organ failure is ... is unlikely d. There is no difference in survival between oliguric and nonoliguric renal failure

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c Survival of patients with acute renal failure is a function of the successful treatment of the primary disease from which the renal failure was derived. The mortality ... is unlikely. Nonoliguric renal failure is usually limited in its extent and is almost always reversible

Phases of multiorgan failure will include: a. Generalized increased capillary permeability b. A hypermetabolic state c. Organ malfunction d. All of the above

Description : Phases of multiorgan failure will include: a. Generalized increased capillary permeability b. A hypermetabolic state c. Organ malfunction d. All of the above

Last Answer : Answer: d Clinically the multiple-organ failure patient progresses through well-defined phases. These phases include: Phase 1-a generalized increased capillary permeability resulting in edema, weight gain, ... tissue damage in the lung or brain, the death of the entire organ is likely

Useful steps to optimize systemic oxygen delivery include: a. Maintaining mean arterial blood pressure between 50 and 90 mm Hg b. Optimizing PEEP levels by monitoring mixed venous saturation c. Turning the patient prone d. Sedation or paralysis

Description : Useful steps to optimize systemic oxygen delivery include: a. Maintaining mean arterial blood pressure between 50 and 90 mm Hg b. Optimizing PEEP levels by monitoring mixed venous saturation c. Turning the patient prone d. Sedation or paralysis

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c, d Optimizing systemic oxygen delivery in relationship to oxygen requirement is the primary goal of management. Improving oxygenation of the blood itself by ... sedation, and establishing muscular paralysis decrease oxygen consumption, and decrease the need for oxygen delivery

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the assessment of protein reserve? a. Conventional serum proteins such as albumin and globulin are early indicators of malnutrition b. The total lymphocyte count reflects immune status and not nutrition c. Antigen skin testing reflects patient immunity and not nutrition d. Measurement of urea excretion in urine can be used as a measurement of protein breakdown

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the assessment of protein reserve? a. Conventional serum proteins such as albumin and globulin are early indicators of malnutrition b. The ... d. Measurement of urea excretion in urine can be used as a measurement of protein breakdown

Last Answer : Answer: d Since protein is the functional and structural chemical of the body, most nutritional assessment techniques are estimates of protein reserves. The actual nitrogen balance can ... patients convert from reactive to anergic, and reactivity can be restored by nutritional repletion

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning CO2 transfer in the lung? a. Carbon dioxide excretion is a direct function of alveolar ventilation b. Normally end tidal CO2 should be identical to PaCO2 c. The gradient between end tidal and arterial CO2 can be an indirect measure of nonperfused alveoli d. Positive pressure ventilation under normal airway pressures creates a significant end tidal PaCO2 gradient

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning CO2 transfer in the lung? a. Carbon dioxide excretion is a direct function of alveolar ventilation b. Normally end tidal ... d. Positive pressure ventilation under normal airway pressures creates a significant end tidal PaCO2 gradient

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c The amount of carbon dioxide excretion is directly related to alveolar ventilation. While oxygenation is a function of matching blood flow to alveoli, carbon dioxide excretion is ... high (over 30 cm H2O) and the compression volume is a significant component of each exhaled breath

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the pathophysiology of gas exchange? a. Hypoventilation in relation to perfusion can result in an oxygen saturation of less than 100% b. Diffusion block and / mismatch can almost completely be overcome by breathing 100% oxygen c. Transpulmonary shunting does not occur under normal circumstances d. The normal arterial oxygen saturation should be 100%

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the pathophysiology of gas exchange? a. Hypoventilation in relation to perfusion can result in an oxygen saturation of less than 100% ... does not occur under normal circumstances d. The normal arterial oxygen saturation should be 100%

Last Answer : Answer: a, b Under normal conditions, red blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries become fully saturated and oxygen dissolves in plasma resulting in blood PO2 of 100 and O2 saturation of 100%. This ... the fact that normal arterial PO2 is 90-100 mm Hg and the normal O2 saturation is 98%

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the treatment of pulmonary interstitial edema? a. Diuresis and blood transfusion is a valuable step b. Salt-poor albumin leaks through the capillaries and worsens the condition c. Mannitol is contraindicated as a diuretic in this clinical situation d. Isoproterenol is a poor choice as an ionotropic agent

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the treatment of pulmonary interstitial edema? a. Diuresis and blood transfusion is a valuable step b. Salt-poor albumin leaks through the ... a diuretic in this clinical situation d. Isoproterenol is a poor choice as an ionotropic agent

Last Answer : Answer: a Treatment of pulmonary edema has two important goals, the first is to improve oxygenation if it is impaired, and the second is to minimize fibrosis and bacterial infection, which often ... leaks out , the short term effects of expanding blood volume and decrease in edema will appear

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning oxygen kinetics in a critically ill, febrile patient? a. Oxygen consumption will likely exceed three times normal b. The high cardiac output and pulse rate are designed to increase oxygen delivery c. The hyperdynamic response may actually increase oxygen delivery to exceed the increase in oxygen consumption d. The patient can maintain adequate compensation as long as the oxygen delivery/oxygen consumption rate is greater than 2:1

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning oxygen kinetics in a critically ill, febrile patient? a. Oxygen consumption will likely exceed three times normal b. The high cardiac ... adequate compensation as long as the oxygen delivery/oxygen consumption rate is greater than 2:1

Last Answer : Answer: b, d In critically ill patients oxygen consumption may be elevated or depressed, but slight to moderate elevations in oxygen consumption is the most common abnormality in critically ill patients. ... however, and the patient will remain stable as long as the ratio is greater than 2:1

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning O2 venous saturation monitoring? a. The normal saturation of mixed venous blood is 50% b. Mixed venous blood obtained for saturation monitoring can be obtained from any peripheral vein c. If arterial blood is fully saturated, the saturation of mixed venous blood is 80% d. In less than fully saturated blood, the difference between arterial and venous saturation corresponds to oxygen extraction

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning O2 venous saturation monitoring? a. The normal saturation of mixed venous blood is 50% b. Mixed venous blood obtained ... than fully saturated blood, the difference between arterial and venous saturation corresponds to oxygen extraction

Last Answer : Answer: c, d The relationship between oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption is reflected in the amount of oxygen in venous blood. Under normal circumstances, oxygen delivery is 1000 ... and venous saturation corresponds to the oxygen extraction, hence the oxygen delivery/oxygen consumption ratio

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the autoregulation necessary to maintain oxygen consumption and oxygen delivery? a. A change in oxygen consumption is followed by a proportionate change in oxygen delivery b. A change in oxygen delivery is followed by a change in oxygen consumption c. Increases in oxygen delivery are due solely to an increase in cardiac output d. The normal ratio of oxygen delivery to consumption is 2:1

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the autoregulation necessary to maintain oxygen consumption and oxygen delivery? a. A change in oxygen consumption is followed by a proportionate ... increase in cardiac output d. The normal ratio of oxygen delivery to consumption is 2:1

Last Answer : Answer: a The relationships between oxygen consumption and oxygen delivery represent one of the most interesting regulation systems in homeostasis. First of all, if one of the three components ... in oxygen consumption. The normal ratio of oxygen delivery to consumption is approximately 5:1

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning methods of nutritional support? a. Optimal results for enteral feedings are achieved with approximately half of calories supplied as carbohydrate and half as fat b. Diarrhea is the most common complication of enteral feeds and is due to the high osmolarity of the carbohydrate components c. The hyperosmolar nature of parenteral fat solutions requires central venous administration d. Approximately 25–50% of calories should be provided as fat emulsion in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning methods of nutritional support? a. Optimal results for enteral feedings are achieved with approximately half of calories supplied as ... -50% of calories should be provided as fat emulsion in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, d Most formulas for enteral feeding range from 1.0 to 2 cal/ml and include 3 to 7% protein. Most of the calories are supplied as glucose or sucrose, so that the solutions ... up to 25 to 50% of calories each day as fat emulsion may optimize the delivery of this caloric delivery

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the relationship between cardiac function and effective blood volume? a. A pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 5–10 rules out fluid overload as a cause of pulmonary edema b. A shift to the right in the Frank-Starling curve is associated with compromised cardiac function c. Dilutional anemia may contribute to tachycardia even though blood volume and filling pressures are normal d. The sole purpose of a pulmonary artery catheter is to measure pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac output

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the relationship between cardiac function and effective blood volume? a. A pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 5-10 rules out ... sole purpose of a pulmonary artery catheter is to measure pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac output

Last Answer : Answer: b, c Although physical findings are often adequate to establish a diagnosis and institute management of cardiac failure, direct measurement of filling pressures of the right heart ( ... blood volume is normal, filling pressures are normal, and total body extracellular fluid is excessive

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the treatment of MOFS? a. Prevention and therapy of MOFS requires control of the infectious or inflammatory source b. Restoration of normal clinical parameters such as blood pressure, pulse rate, and urine output ensures optimal resuscitation in most patients c. Branch chain amino acids play and important role in the nutritional support of the patient d. Because of the nature of gut injury, total parenteral nutrition is preferred for most patients with MOFS

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the treatment of MOFS? a. Prevention and therapy of MOFS requires control of the infectious or inflammatory source b. Restoration of normal ... of the nature of gut injury, total parenteral nutrition is preferred for most patients with MOFS

Last Answer : Answer: a, c The therapy of MOFS is directed towards interrupting the involving pathophysiologic process and providing an optimal physiologic environment for healing and recovery. ... Enteral absorption and processing of nutrients appears superior to TPN and lessens overall complications

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning pharmacologic agents used in the treatment of shock? a. The primary difference between dopamine and dobutamine is the absence of significant a adrenergic activity b. The renal and mesenteric vasoconstrictive effects of norepinephrine complicate and sometimes restrict its use c. The apparent paradoxical use of vasodilators, such as nitroprusside, in shock is indicated as a means to augment cardiac function d. Isoproterenol with its potent b-adrenergic effect, is a particularly useful agent in the treatment of all forms of shock

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning pharmacologic agents used in the treatment of shock? a. The primary difference between dopamine and dobutamine is the absence of significant a ... b-adrenergic effect, is a particularly useful agent in the treatment of all forms of shock

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c Therapeutic adjustments of intravascular volume (preload) and systemic vascular resistance (afterload) form the basis of the treatment strategies for all ... careful constant monitoring of arterial pressure and repeated hemodynamic measurements with a pulmonary artery catheter

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct concerning the cardiovascular response to shock? a. Changes in cardiac contractile function shift the Frank Starling curve up and down b. Venoconstriction from skeletal muscle is a significant contributor to the restoration of blood volume with shock c. Arterial vasoconstriction affects all vascular beds equally d. The total circulating blood volume is equally split between the arterial and venous system

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct concerning the cardiovascular response to shock? a. Changes in cardiac contractile function shift the Frank Starling curve up and down b. ... d. The total circulating blood volume is equally split between the arterial and venous system

Last Answer : Answer: a Central in the general cardiovascular response to shock is the action of the heart itself. The principle determinants of cardiac function in the normal heart are the volume of blood ... Blood flow to the skin is sacrificed early, followed by that to the kidneys and splanchnic viscera