Open market operations of RBI refer to buying and selling of (1) Commercial bills (2) Foreign exchange (3) Gold (4) Government bonds

Open market operations of RBI refer to buying and selling of (1) Commercial bills (2) Foreign exchange (3) Gold (4) Government bonds
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Open market operations of RBI refer to buying and selling of - (1) Commercial bills (2) Foreign exchange (3) Gold (4) Government bonds

Description : Open market operations of RBI refer to buying and selling of - (1) Commercial bills (2) Foreign exchange (3) Gold (4) Government bonds

Last Answer : (4) Government bonds Explanation: OMOs are the market operations conducted by the Reserve Bank of India by way of sale/ purchase of Government securities to/ from the market with an objective to ... are tight, the RBI will buy securities from the market, thereby releasing liquidity into the market.

Open Market Operations refer to (1) Borrowings by Scheduled banks from RBI (2) Lending by Commercial banks to industry (3) Purchase and sale of Government securities by RBI (4) Deposit mobilization

Description : Open Market Operations refer to (1) Borrowings by Scheduled banks from RBI (2) Lending by Commercial banks to industry (3) Purchase and sale of Government securities by RBI (4) Deposit mobilization

Last Answer : (3) Purchase and sale of Government securities by RBI Explanation: Open Market Operation (OMO) refers to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market in order to expand or ... in the banking system. A central bank uses OMO as the primary means of implementing monetary policy.

Open Market Operations refer to __________ . (1) Borrowings by Scheduled banks from RBI (2) Lending by Commercial banks to industry (3) Purchase and sale of Government securities by RBI (4) Deposit mobilisation

Description : Open Market Operations refer to __________ . (1) Borrowings by Scheduled banks from RBI (2) Lending by Commercial banks to industry (3) Purchase and sale of Government securities by RBI (4) Deposit mobilisation

Last Answer : Purchase and sale of Government securities by RBI

The RBI can decrease the money supply in the market by: a) selling government securities b) buying government securities c) borrowing money from commercial banks d) none of the above

Description : The RBI can decrease the money supply in the market by: a) selling government securities b) buying government securities c) borrowing money from commercial banks d) none of the above

Last Answer : a) selling government securities

The RBI can increase the money supply in the market by: a) selling government securitiesb) buying government securitiesc) borrowing money from commercial banksd) none of the above

Description : The RBI can increase the money supply in the market by: a) selling government securities b) buying government securities c) borrowing money from commercial banks d) none of the above

Last Answer : b) buying government securities

Which one of the following statements is false ? (A) The Open Market Operations involve the sale or purchase of govt. securities by the Central Bank (B) The RBI manages longterm liquidity through rapos (C) The RBI manages longterm liquidity through Open Market Operations (D) Open Market Operations do not alter the total stock of govt. securities but change the proportion of govt. securities held by the RBI, Commercial Banks and Co-operative Banks

Description : Which one of the following statements is false ? (A) The Open Market Operations involve the sale or purchase of govt. securities by the Central Bank (B) The RBI manages longterm liquidity through ... change the proportion of govt. securities held by the RBI, Commercial Banks and Co-operative Banks

Last Answer : Answer: The RBI manages longterm liquidity through rapos

In monetary terminology, what is called the 'monetary base' or 'high powered money'? a) the total assets of RBI b) the total liability of RBI c) the total debt of the government d) the total foreign exchange of RBI

Description : In monetary terminology, what is called the 'monetary base' or 'high powered money'? a) the total assets of RBI b) the total liability of RBI c) the total debt of the government d) the total foreign exchange of RBI

Last Answer : b) the total liability of RBI This includes the currency (notes and coins in circulation and vault cash of commercial banks) along with the deposits held by the Government of India ad commercial banks with RBI.

_____has constantly endeavoured to develop the commercial bills market. a. Commercial bank b. RBI c. SBI

Description : _____has constantly endeavoured to develop the commercial bills market. a. Commercial bank b. RBI c. SBI

Last Answer : b. RBI

Which of the below-mentioned institutes are linked with the financial sector of India controlled by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)? a) Commercial Bank b) Money Lenders c) Stock Exchange Operations d) All the above

Description : Which of the below-mentioned institutes are linked with the financial sector of India controlled by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)? a) Commercial Bank b) Money Lenders c) Stock Exchange Operations d) All the above

Last Answer : Answer- c

Under flexible exchange rate system, the exchange rate is determined by - (1) the Central Bank of the country (2) the forces of demand and supply in the foreign exchange market (3) the price of gold (4) the purchasing power of currencies

Description : Under flexible exchange rate system, the exchange rate is determined by - (1) the Central Bank of the country (2) the forces of demand and supply in the foreign exchange market (3) the price of gold (4) the purchasing power of currencies

Last Answer : (2) the forces of demand and supply in the foreign exchange market Explanation: A floating exchange rate is a type of exchange rate regime wherein a currency's value is allowed to ... by the foreign-exchange market through supply and demand for that particular currency relative to other currencies.

Under flexible exchange rate system, the exchange rate is determined by (1) the Central Bank of the country (2) the forces of demand and supply in the foreign exchange market (3) the price of gold (4) the purchasing power of currencies

Description : Under flexible exchange rate system, the exchange rate is determined by (1) the Central Bank of the country (2) the forces of demand and supply in the foreign exchange market (3) the price of gold (4) the purchasing power of currencies 

Last Answer :  the forces of demand and supply in the foreign exchange market

Switching costs refer to the: A. Cost to a producer to exchange equipment in a facility when new technologies emerge. B. Cost of changing the firm’s strategic group. C. Costs suppliers incur when selling to a different customer. D. Costs customers incur when buying from a different supplier.

Description : Switching costs refer to the: A. Cost to a producer to exchange equipment in a facility when new technologies emerge. B. Cost of changing the firm’s strategic group. C. Costs suppliers incur when selling to a different customer. D. Costs customers incur when buying from a different supplier.

Last Answer : Costs customers incur when buying from a different supplier.

Switching costs refer to the: A. Cost to a producer to exchange equipment in a facility when new technologies emerge. B. Cost of changing the firm’s strategic group. C. Costs suppliers incur when selling to a different customer. D. Costs customers incur when buying from a different supplier.

Description : Switching costs refer to the: A. Cost to a producer to exchange equipment in a facility when new technologies emerge. B. Cost of changing the firm’s strategic group. C. Costs suppliers incur when selling to a different customer. D. Costs customers incur when buying from a different supplier.

Last Answer : Costs customers incur when buying from a different supplier.

By increasing the 'Bank Rate', the RBI can: a) provide incentives to commercial banks to lend more to public b) provide incentives to commercial banks to lend less to public c) increase the money supply in the market d) none of the above

Description : By increasing the 'Bank Rate', the RBI can: a) provide incentives to commercial banks to lend more to public b) provide incentives to commercial banks to lend less to public c) increase the money supply in the market d) none of the above

Last Answer : b) provide incentives to commercial banks to lend less to public Bank rate is the rate at which commercial banks can borrow money from the RBI. If the rate is higher, then taking money from RBI becomes difficult, so the banks will lend less to public. And vice-versa.

What is cross rate ? (A) A rate of exchange derived from central bank (B) A rate of exchange between two currencies, other than those that form a market's principal rates (C) A rate of exchange derived from the quotations for buying currencies (D) A rate of exchange quoted by a dealer in foreign exchange for selling currencies

Description : What is cross rate ? (A) A rate of exchange derived from central bank (B) A rate of exchange between two currencies, other than those that form a market's principal rates (C) A rate of ... for buying currencies (D) A rate of exchange quoted by a dealer in foreign exchange for selling currencies

Last Answer : Answer: A rate of exchange between two currencies, other than those that form a markets principal rates

A market established for the buying and selling of precious metals such as Gold and Silver is termed as ________ A. Bullion Market B. Capital Market C. Money Market D. All of the Above E. None of the Above

Description : A market established for the buying and selling of precious metals such as Gold and Silver is termed as ________ A. Bullion Market B. Capital Market C. Money Market D. All of the Above E. None of the Above

Last Answer : A. Bullion Market Explanation: A market established for the buying and selling of precious metals such as Gold and Silver is termed as Bullion Market.

Treasury bills are issued in India by ______ A. RBI B. State Government C. Government of India D. SEBI

Description : Treasury bills are issued in India by ______ A. RBI B. State Government C. Government of India D. SEBI

Last Answer : C. Government of India Explanation: Treasury bills (T-bills) offer short-term investment opportunities, generally up to one year. They are thus useful in managing short-term liquidity. At present, the ... , 91-day, 182-day and 364-day. There are no treasury bills issued by State Governments.

The 73rd Constitutional amendment act is related to : (1) Foreign Exchange (2) Finance Commission (3) Panchayat Raj (4) RBI

Description : The 73rd Constitutional amendment act is related to : (1) Foreign Exchange (2) Finance Commission (3) Panchayat Raj (4) RBI

Last Answer : (3) Panchayat Raj Explanation: The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992 is related to Panchayati Raj in India. It added Part IX of the Constitution of India, related to Panchayats ... on which the Panchayats may be devolved with powers and responsibility by the State Legislatures by law.

The Foreign exchange of India is kept with _________ A. SBI B. ECGC C. RBI D. NABARD E. other than those given as options

Description : The Foreign exchange of India is kept with _________ A. SBI B. ECGC C. RBI D. NABARD E. other than those given as options

Last Answer : C. RBI Explanation: Reserve Bank of India accumulates foreign currency reserves by purchasing from authorized dealers in open market operations. Foreign exchange reserves of India act as a cushion against rupee ... Currency Assets (b) Gold (c) SDRs (d) Reserve Tranche Position in the IMF.

Who among the following appoints the “Authorized Dealers” for foreign exchange transactions? A. GOI B. RBI C. PSBs D. FEDAI E. FIMMDA

Description : Who among the following appoints the “Authorized Dealers” for foreign exchange transactions? A. GOI B. RBI C. PSBs D. FEDAI E. FIMMDA

Last Answer : D. FEDAI Explanation: Foreign Exchange Dealer s Association of India (FEDAI) was set up in 1958 as an Association of banks dealing in foreign exchange in India (typically called Authorised Dealers - ... among banks vis-à-vis public and liaison with RBI for reforms and development of forex market.

Full convertibility of a rupeee means - (1) purchase of foreign exchange for rupees freely (2) payment for imports in terms of ruppes (3) repayment of loans in terms of rupees (4) determination of rate of exchange between rupee and foreign currencies freely by the market forces of demand and supply

Description : Full convertibility of a rupeee means - (1) purchase of foreign exchange for rupees freely (2) payment for imports in terms of ruppes (3) repayment of loans in terms of rupees (4) determination of rate of exchange between rupee and foreign currencies freely by the market forces of demand and supply

Last Answer : (4) determination of rate of exchange between rupee and foreign currencies freely by the market forces of demand and supply Explanation: The full convertibility of the Indian currency means ... governmental control. Presently, the issue of capital account convertibility is in the discussion stage.

Full convertibility of a rupeee means (1) purchase of foreign exchange for rupees freely (2) payment for imports in terms of ruppes (3) repayment of loans in terms of rupees (4) determination of rate of exchange between rupee and foreign currencies freely by the market forces of demand and supply

Description : Full convertibility of a rupeee means (1) purchase of foreign exchange for rupees freely (2) payment for imports in terms of ruppes (3) repayment of loans in terms of rupees (4) determination of rate of exchange between rupee and foreign currencies freely by the market forces of demand and supply

Last Answer : determination of rate of exchange between rupee and foreign currencies freely by the market forces of demand and supply

The reserves held by Commercial Banks over and above the statutory minimum, with the RBI are called - (1) Cash reserves (2) Deposit reserves (3) Excess reserves (4) Momentary reserves

Description : The reserves held by Commercial Banks over and above the statutory minimum, with the RBI are called - (1) Cash reserves (2) Deposit reserves (3) Excess reserves (4) Momentary reserves

Last Answer : (3) Excess reserves Explanation: In banking, excess reserves are bank reserves in excess of the reserve requirement set by a central bank. They are reserves of cash more than the required ... is that doing so may provide enhanced liquidity and therefore more smooth operation of payment system.

Bank rate is the rate of interest - (1) at which public borrows money from Commercial Bank (2) at which public borrows money from RBI (3) at which Commercial Banks borrow money from RBI (4) at which Commercial Banks borrow money from public

Description : Bank rate is the rate of interest - (1) at which public borrows money from Commercial Bank (2) at which public borrows money from RBI (3) at which Commercial Banks borrow money from RBI (4) at which Commercial Banks borrow money from public

Last Answer : (3) at which Commercial Banks borrow money from RBI Explanation: Bank Rate is the interest rate at which a nation’s central bank lends money to domestic banks. Managing the bank rate is a preferred method by which central banks can regulate the level of economic activity.

What is 'Bank rate'? a) The rate at which commercial banks borrow money from RBI b) The rate at which commercial banks lend money to customers c) The rate at which commercial banks lend money to RBI d) none of the above

Description : What is 'Bank rate'? a) The rate at which commercial banks borrow money from RBI b) The rate at which commercial banks lend money to customers c) The rate at which commercial banks lend money to RBI d) none of the above

Last Answer : a) The rate at which commercial banks borrow money from RBI Bank rate is the rate at which commercial banks can borrow money from the RBI. If the rate is higher, then taking money from RBI becomes difficult, so the banks will lend less to public. And vice-versa.

What is the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)? a) the fraction of the deposits that commercial banks lend to the customers b) the fraction of the deposits that RBI must keep with commercial banks c) the fraction of the deposits that commercial banks must keep with RBI d) none of the above

Description : What is the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)? a) the fraction of the deposits that commercial banks lend to the customers b) the fraction of the deposits that RBI must keep with commercial banks c) the fraction of the deposits that commercial banks must keep with RBI d) none of the above

Last Answer : c) the fraction of the deposits that commercial banks must keep with RBI

What is the reserve deposit ration (rdr)? a) the proportion of money RBI lends to commercial banks b) the proportion of total deposits commercial banks keep as reserves c) the total proportion of money that commercial banks lend to the customers d) none of the above

Description : What is the reserve deposit ration (rdr)? a) the proportion of money RBI lends to commercial banks b) the proportion of total deposits commercial banks keep as reserves c) the total proportion of money that commercial banks lend to the customers d) none of the above

Last Answer : b) the proportion of total deposits commercial banks keep as reserves

The reserves held by Commercial Banks over and above the statutory minimum, with the RBI are called (1) Cash reserves (2) Deposit reserves (3) Excess reserves (4) Momentary reserves

Description : The reserves held by Commercial Banks over and above the statutory minimum, with the RBI are called (1) Cash reserves (2) Deposit reserves (3) Excess reserves (4) Momentary reserves

Last Answer : Excess reserves

Which one of the following is not a function of the central bank in an economy? (1) Dealing with foreign exchange (2) Controlling monetary policy (3) Controlling government spending (4) Acting as a banker's bank

Description : Which one of the following is not a function of the central bank in an economy? (1) Dealing with foreign exchange (2) Controlling monetary policy (3) Controlling government spending (4) Acting as a banker's bank

Last Answer : (3) Controlling government spending Explanation: A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is a public institution that manages a state’s currency, money supply, and interest rates. Central banks also usually oversee the commercial banking system of their respective countries.

Which one of the following is not a function of the central bank in an economy ? (1) Dealing with foreign exchange (2) Controlling monetary policy (3) Controlling government spending (4) Acting as a banker’s bank

Description : Which one of the following is not a function of the central bank in an economy ? (1) Dealing with foreign exchange (2) Controlling monetary policy (3) Controlling government spending (4) Acting as a banker’s bank

Last Answer : Controlling government spending

Variation in Cash Reserve Ratio and Open Market Operations are instruments of (1) Budgetary policy (2) Trade policy (3) Fiscal policy (4) Monetary policy

Description : Variation in Cash Reserve Ratio and Open Market Operations are instruments of (1) Budgetary policy (2) Trade policy (3) Fiscal policy (4) Monetary policy

Last Answer : (4) Monetary policy Explanation: Bank Rate Policy, open market operations and variation of Cash Reserve Ratios, etc. are instruments of monetary policy. With the help of these instruments, the ... money, often targeting a rate of interest for the purpose of promoting economic growth and stability.

Variation in Cash Reserve Ratio and Open Market Operations are instruments of (1) Budgetary policy (2) Trade policy (3) Fiscal policy (4) Monetary policy

Description : Variation in Cash Reserve Ratio and Open Market Operations are instruments of (1) Budgetary policy (2) Trade policy (3) Fiscal policy (4) Monetary policy

Last Answer : Monetary policy

For hannelizing the unaccounted money for productive purposes the Government Introduced the scheme of : (1) Special Bearer Bonds (2) Resurgent. India Bonds (3) Provident Funds (4) Market Loans

Description : For hannelizing the unaccounted money for productive purposes the Government Introduced the scheme of : (1) Special Bearer Bonds (2) Resurgent. India Bonds (3) Provident Funds (4) Market Loans

Last Answer : (1) Special Bearer Bonds Explanation: The Special Bearer Bonds (Immunities And Exemptions) Act, 1981 laid down the purpose of such bonds as necessary to canalize for productive purposes black money which has ... to issue at par certain bearer bonds to be known as the Special Bearer Bonds, 1991.

For channelising the unaccounted money for productive purposes the Government Introduced the scheme of : (1) Special Bearer Bonds (2) Resurgent India Bonds (3) Provident Funds (4) Market Loans

Description : For channelising the unaccounted money for productive purposes the Government Introduced the scheme of : (1) Special Bearer Bonds (2) Resurgent India Bonds (3) Provident Funds (4) Market Loans

Last Answer :  Special Bearer Bonds

Given an initial equilibrium in the money market and foreign exchange market, suppose the Federal Reserve increases the money supply of the United States. Under a floating exchange-rate system, the dollar would: A. Appreciate in value relative to other currencies B. Depreciate in value relative to other currencies C. Be officially devalued by the government D. Be officially revalued by the government

Description : Given an initial equilibrium in the money market and foreign exchange market, suppose the Federal Reserve increases the money supply of the United States. Under a floating exchange-rate system, the ... C. Be officially devalued by the government D. Be officially revalued by the government

Last Answer : B. Depreciate in value relative to other currencies

The two types of investments that provide the highest and lowest yields in the Ibbotson study of Stocks, Bonds, Bills and Inflation are A. Large company stocks; U.S. treasury bills B. Large company stocks; Long-term government bonds C. Small company stocks; U.S. Treasury bills D. Small company stocks; preferred stock E. U.S. treasury bills; small company stocks

Description : The two types of investments that provide the highest and lowest yields in the Ibbotson study of Stocks, Bonds, Bills and Inflation are A. Large company stocks; U.S. treasury bills B. Large ... Treasury bills D. Small company stocks; preferred stock E. U.S. treasury bills; small company stocks

Last Answer : C. Small company stocks; U.S. Treasury bills

Repo transactions are allowed in (a) Government securities / Treasury bills of all maturity ; (b) State Government securities (c) PSU bonds/Private corporate bonds ; (d) All the three

Description : Repo transactions are allowed in (a) Government securities / Treasury bills of all maturity ; (b) State Government securities (c) PSU bonds/Private corporate bonds ; (d) All the three

Last Answer :  (d) All the three 

Capital Market Regulator is: (1) NSE (2) RBI (3) SEBI (4) IRDA

Description : Capital Market Regulator is: (1) NSE (2) RBI (3) SEBI (4) IRDA

Last Answer : (3) SEBI Explanation: Capital Market Regulator is the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

Capital Market Regulator is: (1) NSE (2) RBI (3) SEBI (4) IRDA

Description : Capital Market Regulator is: (1) NSE (2) RBI (3) SEBI (4) IRDA

Last Answer : SEBI

Which of the following policies is known as Annual Policy Statement? A. Annual budget of central government B. Credit and Monetary Policy of RBI C. Foreign trade policy of DGFT D. Regulations issued by SEBI E. None of the Above

Description : Which of the following policies is known as Annual Policy Statement? A. Annual budget of central government B. Credit and Monetary Policy of RBI C. Foreign trade policy of DGFT D. Regulations issued by SEBI E. None of the Above

Last Answer : B. Credit and Monetary Policy of RBI Explanation: Credit and Monetary Policy of RBI is known as Annual Policy Statement.

Longterm funds in the capital, market can be raised either by borrowing from certain institutions or through - (1) issue of note (2) taking loan from Government (3) issue of securities (4) taking loan from foreign institutions

Description : Longterm funds in the capital, market can be raised either by borrowing from certain institutions or through - (1) issue of note (2) taking loan from Government (3) issue of securities (4) taking loan from foreign institutions

Last Answer : (3) issue of securities Explanation: Capital markets provide for the buying and selling of long term debt or equity backed securities. When they work well, the capital markets channel the wealth of ... to raise long-term funds by providing a market for securities, both through debt and equity.

Long-term funds in the capital market can be raised either by borrowing from certain institutions or through (1) issue of note (2) taking loan from Government (3) issue of securities (4) taking loan from foreign institutions

Description : Long-term funds in the capital market can be raised either by borrowing from certain institutions or through (1) issue of note (2) taking loan from Government (3) issue of securities (4) taking loan from foreign institutions

Last Answer :  issue of securities

Which of the following is not a „Money Market Instrument‟? A. Treasury Bills B. Commercial Paper C. Certificate of Deposit D. Equity Shares

Description : Which of the following is not a „Money Market Instrument‟? A. Treasury Bills B. Commercial Paper C. Certificate of Deposit D. Equity Shares

Last Answer : D. Equity Shares Explanation: There are several money market instruments, including treasury bills, commercial paper, bankers‘ acceptances, deposits, certificates of deposit, bills of exchange, repurchase agreements, federal funds, and short-lived mortgage-, and asset-backed securities.

When a corporate entity wishes to raise money from the market it can do that by issuing A. Treasury Bills B. Kisan Vikas Patra C. National Savings Certificate D. Commercial Papers E. None of the Above

Description : When a corporate entity wishes to raise money from the market it can do that by issuing A. Treasury Bills B. Kisan Vikas Patra C. National Savings Certificate D. Commercial Papers E. None of the Above

Last Answer : D. Commercial Papers Explanation: Commercial paper is an unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by a corporation, typically for the financing of accounts receivable, inventories and meeting short-term liabilities.

Supply of money refers to (a) Total money held by the public ; (b) Total money held by RBI ; (c) Total money with all the commercial banks and RBI ; (d) Total money in Government account

Description : Supply of money refers to (a) Total money held by the public ; (b) Total money held by RBI ; (c) Total money with all the commercial banks and RBI ; (d) Total money in Government account

Last Answer : (a) Total money held by the public ; 

Government takes 'ways and means advances' from - (1) RBI (2) IDBI (3) SBI (4) ICICI

Description : Government takes 'ways and means advances' from - (1) RBI (2) IDBI (3) SBI (4) ICICI

Last Answer : (1) RBI Explanation: Ways and means advances (WMA) is a mechanism used by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under its credit policy by which provides to the States banking with it to help ... WMA both to the Central and State governments. It aims to bridge the interval between expenditure and receipts.

The data collection for national income estimation is conducted in India by— (1) The Finance Ministry of the Government of India (2) The RBI (3) The NSSO (National Sample Survey Organization (4) None of these

Description : The data collection for national income estimation is conducted in India by— (1) The Finance Ministry of the Government of India (2) The RBI (3) The NSSO (National Sample Survey Organization (4) None of these

Last Answer : (3) The NSSO (National Sample Survey Organization Explanation: The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in India is a unique setup to carry out surveys on socioeconomic, demographic, agricultural ... of India for collection of statistical data in the areas which are vital for developmental planning.

Government takes ‘ways and means advances’ from (1) RBI (2) IDBI (3) SBI (4) ICICI

Description : Government takes ‘ways and means advances’ from (1) RBI (2) IDBI (3) SBI (4) ICICI 

Last Answer : RBI

The data collection for national income estimation is conducted in India by— (1) The Finance Ministry of the Government of India (2) The RBI (3) The NSSO (National Sample Survey Organi-sation) (4) None of these

Description : The data collection for national income estimation is conducted in India by— (1) The Finance Ministry of the Government of India (2) The RBI (3) The NSSO (National Sample Survey Organi-sation) (4) None of these

Last Answer : The NSSO (National Sample Survey Organi-sation)

Which among the following is considered to be the most liquid asset? a) Gold b) Money c) Land d) Treasury bonds

Description : Which among the following is considered to be the most liquid asset? a) Gold b) Money c) Land d) Treasury bonds

Last Answer : b) Money Liquid assets are those assets that can be exchanged most readily with minimum number of obstacles and minimum time.