State any four characteristics of friend function.

State any four characteristics of friend function.
by

1 Answer

Answer :

Characteristics of friend function: 1. It is not in the scope of the class to which it has been declared as friend. 2. As it is not in the scope of the class, it cannot be called using the object of that class. 3. It can be invoked like a normal function without the help of any object. 4. It cannot access the member names directly and has to use an object name and dot membership operator with each member name. 5. It can be declared either in the public or the private part of a class without affecting its meaning. 6. It has the objects as arguments.
by

Related questions

Why friend function is required? Give four characteristics of friend function.

Description : Why friend function is required? Give four characteristics of friend function.

Last Answer : Friend function: Private members of a class cannot be accessed from outside the class. A non-member function cannot have an access to the private data of a class. Sometimes, two classes may need to ... part of a class without affecting its meaning. 6. Usually it has the objects as the arguments.

Write any four characteristics of constructor.

Description : Write any four characteristics of constructor.

Last Answer : The constructor functions have some special characteristics. They should be declared in the public section. They are invoked automatically when the objects are created. They do not have return types ... They make 'implicit calls' to the operators new and delete when memory allocation is required.

List characteristics of static data member and static member function.

Description : List characteristics of static data member and static member function.

Last Answer : Characteristics of static member variable are: i) It is initialized to zero when the first object of its class is created. No other initialization is permitted. ii) Only one copy of that ... the class name with a scope resolution operator instead of object name as follows: class_name::function_name;

Explain friend function. Give example.

Description : Explain friend function. Give example.

Last Answer : Friend function: The private members of a class cannot be accessed from outside the class but in some situations two classes may need access of each other s private data. So a common function can be declared which can be made friend of ... xyz x1; a1.get1(); x1.get1(); add(a1,x1); }

Write down characteristics of object oriented programming.

Description : Write down characteristics of object oriented programming.

Last Answer : Characteristics of object oriented programming are: Emphasis is on data rather than procedure. Programs are divided into objects. Data structures are designed such that they characterize the ... can be easily added whenever necessary. Follows bottom-up approach in program designing. 

List any six characteristics of OOP. Also list any two OOP languages.

Description : List any six characteristics of OOP. Also list any two OOP languages.

Last Answer : Characteristics of OOP: 1) Emphasis is on data rather than procedure. 2) Programs are divided into objects. 3) Data structures are designed such that they characterize the objects. 4) Functions that operate on the data of ... 4) C++ 5) Ada 6) Object Pascal 7) Turbo Pascal 8) Eiffel 9) Java

State any four object oriented programming language.

Description : State any four object oriented programming language.

Last Answer : Object oriented programming language: C++ Smalltalk Object pascal java Simula Ada Turbo pascal Eiffel C# Python

State any four rules for operator overloading.

Description : State any four rules for operator overloading.

Last Answer : Rules for operator overloading: 1. Only existing operators can be overloaded. New operators cannot be created. 2. The overloaded operator must have at least one operand that is of user defined type. 3. ... * and / must explicitly return a value. They must not attempt to change their own arguments. 

State any four types of constructor.

Description : State any four types of constructor.

Last Answer : Types of constructor: Default constructor Parameterized Constructor Constructor with Default Argument Copy Constructor Multiple/overloaded constructor

State any four applications of OPP.

Description : State any four applications of OPP.

Last Answer : Applications of OOP: Real time systems Simulation and modeling Object-oriented databases Hypertext, hypermedia and expert Ext AI and expert systems Neural networks and parallel programming Decision support and office automation systems CIM/CAM/CAD systems

Give four differences between object oriented programming and procedure oriented programming.

Description : Give four differences between object oriented programming and procedure oriented programming.

Last Answer : Give four differences between object oriented programming and procedure oriented programming.

Explain any four concept of OOP.

Description : Explain any four concept of OOP.

Last Answer : Basic Concepts of Object Oriented Programming:  1. Objects Objects are the basic run time entities in an object-oriented system. They may represent a person, a place, a bank ... objects that communicate with each other. Objects communicate with one another by sending and receiving information.

Write any four differences between compile time and run time polymorphism.

Description : Write any four differences between compile time and run time polymorphism.

Last Answer : Sr. No. Compile-time Polymorphism Run-time Polymorphism 1 Compile time polymorphism means that an object is bound to its function call at compile time. Run time polymorphism means that selection ... binding. 7 E.g. overloaded function call. E.g. virtual function.

What is function? What is call by value? What is call by reference? What is the difference between them?

Description : What is function? What is call by value? What is call by reference? What is the difference between them?

Last Answer : Function: A function is a group/set of statements/instruction that performs a specific task. It can be system defined i.e. clrscr(), getch(), or user defined i.e. add(), sub(). ... reflected inside as well as outside the function. Difference between Call by Value and Call by Reference:

How to define virtual function? Give example.

Description : How to define virtual function? Give example.

Last Answer : A virtual function is a member function that is declared within a base class and redefined by a derived class. To define virtual function following syntax is used: Class baseclass { virtual function_name() { } ... } }; Example: #include class Base { public: virtual void show( ) { cout

Explain how to pass object as function argument.

Description : Explain how to pass object as function argument.

Last Answer : An object may be used as function arguments in two methods:- i) A copy of the entire object is passed to the function. ii) Only the address of the object is transferred to the function. 1) Pass-by-value Since a copy ... (int h, int m) { hours = h; minutes = m; } void puttime(void)  { cout

Explain the need of static member function with example.

Description : Explain the need of static member function with example.

Last Answer : A static member function can have access to only other static members (functions or variables) declared in the same class. A static member function can be called using the class name as follows: class_name:: ... test::showcount(); -------------Call to static member function. }

What is pure virtual functions? Write down the rules used for pure virtual function.

Description : What is pure virtual functions? Write down the rules used for pure virtual function.

Last Answer : A pure virtual function is a function which is declared in a base class and which does not have definition relative to the base class. In such cases, the compiler requires each derived class to either ... A class containing pure virtual functions cannot be used to declare any objects of its own.  

Write a program to show object as function argument.

Description : Write a program to show object as function argument. 

Last Answer : #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> class objarg  { char str[10]; public: void get() { cout<<"\n Enter a Message"; cin>>str; } void ... clrscr(); o1.get(); o2.copy(o1); o2.display(); getch();  }

What is the need of virtual function? Explain with example.

Description : What is the need of virtual function? Explain with example.

Last Answer : When base class and its derived class both contain same name and prototype member function then derived class function overrides base class function. Base class pointer is used to refer member functions of its ... Program/Example: #include class Base { public: virtual void show( ) { cout

Polymorphism is implemented using function overloading. Justify the statement.

Description : Polymorphism is implemented using function overloading. Justify the statement.

Last Answer : Polymorphism is a mechanism that allows a developer to have more than one function with same name but different signature. In function overloading, one can make use of more than one function with different signature as well. Hence ... main()  { int a[10],i,isum; float b[5],fsum; clrscr(); cout

Explain concept of function overriding with example.

Description : Explain concept of function overriding with example.

Last Answer : Function Overriding:- When derived class defines same name function, as defined in its base class then it is called as function overriding. In this a function in the derived class overrides the inherited function. Example : #include #include class Base { public: void Display() { cout

How do we invoke a constructor function?

Description : How do we invoke a constructor function?

Last Answer : A constructor is invoked automatically when an object of its class is created. Example: class ABC { public: ABC( ) { } }; void main( ) { ABC obj; } In the above example, creating „obj‟ object automatically invokes constructor ‟ABC ( )‟.

Write a program to calculate area of circle and area of rectangle using function overloading.

Description : Write a program to calculate area of circle and area of rectangle using function overloading. 

Last Answer : #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> float area(float a) { return (3.14*a*a); } int area(int p,int q) { return(p*q); } void main() { clrscr(); cout< ... ;<<area(6); cout<<"Area of Rectangle:"<<area(5,6); getch(); }

Differentiate between function definition inside and outside the class

Description : Differentiate between function definition inside and outside the class

Last Answer : Sr. No Inside function definition Outside function definition  1 A member function of a class is defined inside the class. A member function of a class is declared inside class and as defined outside the ... }; void item :: getdata(int a, float b) { number = a; cost = b; }

Explain object as a function argument using following points with suitable example: (i) Pass by value (ii) Pass by reference

Description : Explain object as a function argument using following points with suitable example: (i) Pass by value (ii) Pass by reference

Last Answer : (i) Pass by Value: When an object is passed by value to a function, a copy of that object is created and changes are reflected on the copy object not on original object. Example: #include #include class Example { int x; public: Example(int a)  {  x=a;  }  void print()  { cout

Write a program to demonstrate the use of pure virtual function.

Description : Write a program to demonstrate the use of pure virtual function.

Last Answer : Consider the following example where parent class provides an interface to the base class to implement a function called getArea() as pure virtual function: #include // Base class class Shape { protected: int ... ; Rect.setWidth(5); Rect.setHeight(7); // Print the area of the object. cout

Explain static member function.

Description : Explain static member function.

Last Answer : Static member function: - a static member function can have access to only other static variables or functions declared in the same class. It can be called using the class name instead of its object. It can be declared ... ; } static void showcount()----------------static member function { cout

Explain the concept of virtual function with example.

Description : Explain the concept of virtual function with example.

Last Answer : Virtual Function: A virtual function is a member function that is declared within a base class and redefined by its derived class. When base class and its derived class both contain same name member function then ... pointer. Example: #include class Base { public: virtual void show( ) { cout

How to define a member function outside the body of class?

Description : How to define a member function outside the body of class? 

Last Answer : The user can declare member function outside the class with the help of scope resolution operator (::). The label class_name:: tells the compiler that the function_name belongs to the class class_name. ... In above example accept() member function of class student is defined outside of the class. 

Write a program in C++ to overload a „volume‟ function to calculate volume of cube and rectangular box.

Description : Write a program in C++ to overload a „volume‟ function to calculate volume of cube and rectangular box. 

Last Answer : #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> void volume(float); void volume(float, float, float); void main() { float a, length, width, height; clrscr(); cout<<"\n ... width*height; cout<<"\n Volume of a rectangular box is:"<<v; }

Describe syntax and use of defining member function outside class. Give one example.

Description : Describe syntax and use of defining member function outside class. Give one example.

Last Answer : Member function that is declared inside a class has to be defined separately outside the class. These member functions associate a membership identify label in the header. This label tells the ... ) A member function can call another member function directly, without using the dot operator. 

Write a program in C++ to declare a class measure having data members as add 1, add 2, add 3. Initialize the values of two data members using constructor and display their addition using function.

Description : Write a program in C++ to declare a class measure having data members as add 1, add 2, add 3. Initialize the values of two data members using constructor and display their addition using function.

Last Answer : #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> class measure { public: int add1,add2,add3; measure(int a,int b) { add1=a; add2=b; } void cal() { add3=add1+add2; } void display() ... ;>a>>b; measure m1(a, b); m1.cal(); m1.display(); getch(); }

With example, describe use of static member function.

Description : With example, describe use of static member function.

Last Answer : A static member function can have access to only other static members (functions or variables) declared in the same class. A static member function can be called using the class name as follows: class_name:: ... static void showcount()----------------//static member function { cout

With suitable example, describe use of virtual function in polymorphism.

Description : With suitable example, describe use of virtual function in polymorphism.

Last Answer : In order to achieve polymorphism, objects belonging to different classes should be able to respond to the same message at different instances which initiates the use of single pointer variable to refer to objects of ... void accept() { coutroll; coutname; } virtual void display() { cout

State characteristic of static data member. Explain why static data member must be defined outside the class.

Description : State characteristic of static data member. Explain why static data member must be defined outside the class. 

Last Answer : Characteristics of static data members: 1. It is initialized to zero when the first object of its class is created. No other initialization is permitted. 2. Only one copy of that member is created ... member(s) it is necessary to make static members global and re-declared outside of the class.

Implement a program to declare a class city with data members city name and state. Accept and display data for 1 object using pointer to object.

Description : Implement a program to declare a class city with data members city name and state. Accept and display data for 1 object using pointer to object.

Last Answer : #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> class city { char city_name[20],state[20]; public: void accept() { cout<<"\nEnter city data:"; cout<<"\nName:"; ... ); ptr=&c; ptr->accept(); ptr->display(); getch(); }

Define constructor. State any two types of constructor.

Description : Define constructor. State any two types of constructor.

Last Answer : Definition: A constructor is a special member function whose task is to initialize the objects of its class. Types of constructor: 1) Default constructor 2) Parameterized constructor 3) Copy Constructor 4) Constructor with default value 5) Multiple constructor/overloaded constructor

State any two access specifier with example.

Description : State any two access specifier with example.

Last Answer : Access specifier: 1. private: 2. protected: 3. public Example: class sample { private: int a; protected: int b; public: void display() { cout

State the concepts of object oriented programming.

Description : State the concepts of object oriented programming.

Last Answer : Basic Concepts of Object Oriented Programming:  1. Objects  Objects are the basic run time entities in an object-oriented system. They may represent a person, a place, a ... objects that communicate with each other. Objects communicate with one another by sending and receiving information.

State and describe use of pointer operator and address operator. Give one example of each.

Description : State and describe use of pointer operator and address operator. Give one example of each. 

Last Answer : Pointer operator:- * It is used to declare a pointer variable. Also used as "value at" operator to read value stored inside the address pointed by pointer. Example: int *ptr; Address operator:-& ... address of a variable can be stored in pointer variable. Example: int a,*ptr; ptr=&a;

State and describe visibility modes used in inheritance with their effects.

Description : State and describe visibility modes used in inheritance with their effects.

Last Answer : Visibility modes: private protected public Private: o When a base class is privately inherited by a derived class, public members and protected members of the base class become ... class Syntax: class derived: protected base { //Members of derived class; };

State and describe access specifiers used inside class to declare members.

Description : State and describe access specifiers used inside class to declare members.

Last Answer : Access specifiers: 1. private 2. protected 3. public Private access specifier: Class members declared as private can be accessed only from within the class. Outside class access is not allowed for private members of ... { private: int a; protected: int b; public: void display() { cout

State and describe types of inheritance.

Description : State and describe types of inheritance.

Last Answer : Types of inheritance: o Single Inheritance o Multiple Inheritance o Multilevel Inheritance. o Hierarchical Inheritance o Hybrid Inheritance Single Inheritance o The mechanism of deriving a new class from existing single ... : public B, public C { // class D body; };

State two advantages of pointer.

Description : State two advantages of pointer.

Last Answer : Advantages of pointer: Pointers save the memory. Pointers reduce the length and complexity of a program. Pointers allow passing of arrays and strings to functions more efficiently. Pointers make possible to return more than one value from the function. Pointers increase the processing speed.

Write a program which concate and reverse string by using pointer to string.

Description : Write a program which concate and reverse string by using pointer to string.

Last Answer : #include #include void main()  { char str1[20], str2[20], rev[20],*p1,*p2; int cnt=0; clrscr(); coutstr2;  p1=&str1[0];  p2=&str2[0]; while(*p1!='\0')  { p1++;  } while(*p2!='\0')  { *p1=*p2; p1++; p2++;  }  *p1='\0'; cout

What is constructor? How user can declared constructor in derived class? Explain with example.

Description : What is constructor? How user can declared constructor in derived class? Explain with example.

Last Answer : Constructor:- Constructor is a special member function which has same name as a class name and is used to initialize object during compile time of program. Declaring constructor in derived class If a base class contains a ... derived d(2,5); d.displaybase(); d.display(); getch(); }

What is polymorphism? Enlist different types of polymorphism. What are the differences between them?

Description : What is polymorphism? Enlist different types of polymorphism. What are the differences between them?

Last Answer : Polymorphism: It is a feature of object oriented programming which allows a programmer to have a more than one function having same name but different /same parameters but performs different/ ... Compile Time polymorphism o Virtual Function Difference between Types of Polymorphism:

Write a program which perform arithmetic operation using pointer.

Description : Write a program which perform arithmetic operation using pointer.

Last Answer : #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int num[5]={56,75,22,18,90}; int ptr; int i; cout<< array elements are:: ; for(i=0;i<5;i++) ptr=num; cout<< ... 3; cout<< value of ptr+=3:: <<*ptr; cout<< \n ; getch(); }

What is structure? How user declare structure? Give example.

Description : What is structure? How user declare structure? Give example.

Last Answer : Structure is a collection of different data types written under a common name. It is a user defined data type. To Define a structure following Syntax is use:- struct structure_name { data_type variable 1; data_type ... () {  Person p1; cout>p1.name; cout> p1.age; cout> p1.salary; cout