What did geologists use to learn about earth's interior from direct evidence?

What did geologists use to learn about earth's interior from direct evidence?
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Studying how seismic waves refract inside the earth and if they"cast shadows" indicating that some layers inside earth are opaqueto some types of seismic waves.Seismic waves "illuminate" the interior of the earth like lightwaves illuminate a room, permitting what is there to be seen if youhave the correct tools to observe them.
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