Explain sensitivity and loading effect in voltmeter.

1 Answer

Answer :

Sensitivity: The sensitivity of a voltmeter is just its capability to detect voltage, usually meaning smaller and smaller voltages. When selecting a meter for a certain voltage measurement, it is important to consider the sensitivity of a dc voltmeter, A low sensitivity meter may give a correct reading when measuring voltage in a low resistance circuit. but it is certain to produce unreliable readings in a high resistance circuit.

Loading Effect: The voltmeter is always connected across the two points between which the potential difference is to be measured. If it is connected across a low resistance then as voltmeter resistance is high, most of the current will pass through a low resistance and will produce the voltage drop which will be nothing but the true reading. But if the voltmeter is connected across the high resistance then due to two high resistances in parallel, the current will divide almost equally through the two paths. Thus the meter will record the voltage drop across the high resistance which will be much lower then the true reading. Thus the low sensitivity instrument when used in high resistance circuit gives a lower reading then the true reading. This is called loading effect of the voltmeters. It is mainly caused due to low sensitivity instruments.

Related questions

Description : Describe following terms w.r.t. Analog voltmeter : (i) Sensitivity (ii) Loading effect

Last Answer : Sensitivity: The sensitivity of a voltmeter is just its capability to detect voltage, usually meaning smaller and smaller voltages. When selecting a meter for a certain voltage measurement, it is ... called loading effect of the voltmeters. It is mainly caused due to low sensitivity instruments.

Description : When troubleshooting most electronic circuits, 'loading effect' can be minimized by using a voltmeter with a/an ___________________. A. input impedance much greater than the impedance across which the voltage ... sensitivity of less than 1000 ohms/volt D. sensitivity of more than 1000 volts/ohm

Last Answer : Answer: A

Description : Explain range extension for analog DC voltmeter.

Last Answer : Explanation A DC voltmeter can be converted into a multirange voltmeter by connecting a number of resistors (multipliers) in series with the meter movement 

Description : Draw and explain construction diagram of average responding voltmeter.

Last Answer : Explain: The basic construction of average responding voltmeter is shown in above fig. at the input side of an unknown voltage to be measured is applied. The blocking capacitor is used to ... is connected in the bridge circuit. The bridge circuit consists of two diodes and two capacitors.  

Description : Define: (i) Accuracy  (ii) Sensitivity

Last Answer : (i) Accuracy: It is the degree of closeness with which an instrument reading approaches the true value of the quantity being measured. (ii) Sensitivity: The ratio of change in output of an instrument to the change in input is known as sensitivity.  Sensitivity = Change in output/ Change in input

Description : Draw block diagram of Dual slope integrating voltmeter and also draw waveform for voltage V/s time. 

Last Answer : Block diagram

Description : Draw block diagram of successive approximation digital voltmeter. State its two advantages and two disadvantages

Last Answer : Block diagram Or Advantages: o It is economical method of analog to digital conversion. o The resolution is up to 5 important digits are obtained. Disadvantages: o ... depends on which type of switches are used. o The conversion time required for digital to analog converter.

Description : Draw the circuit diagram of multi range AC voltmeter and describe its working

Last Answer : The above circuit looks like a multi range AC voltmeter. We know that, we will get AC voltmeter just by placing rectifier in series (cascade) with DC voltmeter. The above circuit was created ... any two points of an electric circuit, by connecting the switch, S to the desired voltage range.

Description : Describe working of A.C. voltmeter using half wave rectifier with neat circuit diagram. 

Last Answer : AC Voltmeter using Half Wave Rectifier : The a.c. voltmeter using half wave rectifier is achieved by introducing a diode in a basic d.c. voltmeter. This is shown in the Fig. 1. The diode D ... can be obtained for a.c. voltmeter as, Where Idc is the full scale deflection current..

Description : State any four precautions to be taken while using an Ammeter and Voltmeter. 

Last Answer : Precautions to be taken while using Ammeters: Ammeters are to be connected in series of circuits. 1. While connecting ammeters across emf source always a series resistance should be used. This ... first &then range should be decreased. 4. Loading effect can be minimized by using high sensitivity

Description : State any four specifications of digital voltmeter. 

Last Answer : DC Voltage – 1 Five voltage ranges from ±200 to ±1000 2 Accuracy is about ±0.03% 3 Resolution is about 10µV AC Voltage1. Five voltage range available for 200mV to 750V 2. Accuracy is dependent on frequency. Best accuracy obtained is 0.5%

Description : How is the loading effect of a voltmeter kept to a minimum?

Last Answer : A voltmeter must have a high resistance compared to the circuit being measured.

Description : What is the loading effect of a voltmeter?

Last Answer : The connection of a voltmeter adds a resistance in parallel with the circuit changing the total circuit resistance, and loads the circuit.

Description : Draw Q meter circuit of series connection and explain it.

Last Answer : Q meter circuit of series connection OR Explanation The Q meter works on series resonant. The resonance is the condition exists in the circuit when their inductance and capacitance reactance are ... . Hence E=Q Ec so ,the voltmeter is calibrated for finding the value of Q factor.  

Description : Draw block diagram of distortion factor meter and explain its operation.

Last Answer : Block Diagram Operation This meter consist following four sections 1. Impedance converter along with input circuit 2. Rejection amplifier 3. Metering circuit 4. Power circuit 1. ... of the total input voltage. 4. The power supply unit provides the supply for proper operation 

Description : Draw block diagram of RF signal generator and explain its operation.

Last Answer : RF signal generator contains three other main sections: 1.OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT, 2. MODULATOR, 3. OUTPUT CONTROL CIRCUIT. The modulator modulates the RF signal of the ... . Metal shielding surrounds the unit to prevent signals from the oscillator from affecting the circuit under test

Description : Draw the construction and explain working principle of PMMC instruments

Last Answer : Working: When current passes through the coil a deflecting torque is produced. This deflecting torque is produced due to interaction between magnetic field produced by permanent magnet ... equilibrium; this is possible only when the controlling torque becomes equal to the deflecting torque 

Description : Explain measurement of phase and frequency using Lissajous pattern. Write the formula for each one.

Last Answer : Phase measurement of Lissajous pattern: The phase measurement can be done by using Lissajous figures. The CRO is set to operate in the X- Y mode, then the display obtained on the screen of a ... or sub- multiple of the unknown frequency.  The Lissajous pattern appears stationary.     

Description : Explain the concept of single beam dual trace CRO with its block diagram.

Last Answer : Diagram:   Explanation: The single beam dual trace CRO consists of one electron gun, an electronic switch which switches the two signals to a single vertical amplifier and a single pair of ... Amplifier are identical & have the same delay time, accurate X-Y measurements can be taken. 

Description : Explain the measurement of voltage and frequency using CRO.

Last Answer : Voltage Measurement: CRO displays the voltage signal as a function of time on its screen. The amplitude of that voltage signal is constant, but we can vary the number of divisions that cover the voltage ... /division nv is the number of divisions that cover the signal in vertical direction.

Description : Draw and explain block diagram of Horizontal deflection system. 

Last Answer :  Trigger circuit: A trigger circuit is used to convert the incoming signal into trigger pulses, so that the input signal and the sweep frequency can be synchronized. The trigger circuit is ... before it is applied to the horizontal section. The block consists of a push- pull amplifier  

Description : Explain gross error, systematic error and random error.

Last Answer : 1) Gross Errors -These errors occur due to human mistakes while taking reading, handling instrument, incorrect setting or adjustment and improper used of instrument. The complete elimination of gross ... remain since the systematic and gross error are removed. Generally these errors are very small.

Description : Define standards. State and explain classification of standards.

Last Answer : Standards:-Standard is a physical representation of a unit of measurement. A known accurate measure of physical quantity is termed as standard. These standards are used to determine ... used to check components and calibrating laboratory instruments to achieve good accuracy and better performance.

Description : Draw block diagram of digital LCR –Q meter and explain its working.

Last Answer : Block diagram Working The output of LCR-Q meter is given to current to voltage converter, AC amplifier or DC amplifer depending upon position of switch Current to voltage ... /D converter. A/D converter converts analog signal into digital output andfinaaly displayed on display.

Description : Explain block diagram of distortion factor meter and explain how it operates

Last Answer : Fig. Distortion factor meter  Working : Initially the switch S is kept at position 1. The attenuator gets excluded and the bridge T network is adjusted for full suppression of ... is obtained on the meter. Thus the total rms distortion is indicated by the reading of attenuator.

Description : Explain function of each block of logic analyzer with proper block diagram

Last Answer : Explanation: A logic analyser is an electronic instrument that captures and displays multiple signals from a digital system or digital circuit. The normal oscilloscope deals with time domain, spectrum ... When the memory receives a trigger signal, it sends the samples to a CRT display.  

Description : Describe block diagram of spectrum analyzer and explain its working

Last Answer : Fig: Block Diagram of Spectrum analyzer. 1. Spectrum analyzer consists of voltage tune oscillator, mixer, IF amplifier, detector, video amplifier, sweep generator and CRT. 2. The input ... on the screen. 8. In this type the signal are broken down into their individual frequency component.

Description : Define Lissajous pattern. Explain how Lissajous pattern is useful for frequency and phase measurement.

Last Answer : Lissajous Pattern : The CRO is set to operate in the X- Y mode, when two sine waves of the same frequency are applied to the CRO (One vertical and one horizontal deflection plates) then the display obtained on ... 1. Lissajous pattern for ratio 3:1    2. Lissajous pattern for ratio 3:2  

Description : Draw block diagram of AF sine and square wave generator and explain its working

Last Answer : The AF signal generator, which generates either sine wave or square wave in the range of audio frequencies based on the requirement is called AF Sine and Square wave generator. Its block diagram is shown ... can be used to produce either AF sine wave or AF square wave based on the requirement. 

Description : Explain how CRO is used for measurement of frequency & amplitude with suitable diagram

Last Answer : Voltage measurement/Amplitude: The most direct voltage measurement that can be made with the help of oscilloscope is the peak to peak value. The RMS value can be calculated from peak to peak value. ... is the time between two identical points of successive cycle of the waveform.

Description : Explain vertical deflection subsystem with neat diagram.

Last Answer : vertical deflection subsystem The main function of the vertical deflection system is to provide an amplified signal of prope r level toderive the vertical deflection plates without any ... suppression, reduced no nlinear effects because none of the plates are at ground potential. 

Description : Define calibration of instruments. Explain why calibration is needed for measuring instruments.

Last Answer : Calibration - It is a process of estimating the value of a quantity by comparing that quantity with a standard quantity. Need of calibration: - Calibration defines the accuracy and quality ... aim of calibration is to minimize any measurement uncertainty by ensuring the accuracy of test equipment.

Description : Explain the electro-magnetic flow meter with neat sketch and write it’s application. 

Last Answer : Electromagnetic flow meter: Principle of Operation: 1. The operation of an Electro-magnetic flow meter is based upon Faraday's Law, which states that the voltage induced across any conductor as it ... rates. It can be also used for measurement of flow rate of slurries, greasy materials.

Description : Explain the sketches , the working principle of Bourdon tube.

Last Answer : Working principle of Bourdon tube:- C type bourdon tube is made up of an elliptically flattened tube bent in such a way as to produce the C shape as shown in the fig. One ... terms of pressure. The relationship between the displacement of the free end and the applied pressure is nonlinear.

Description : Explain Piezo-electric transducer with diagram. State its applications, advantages and disadvantages.

Last Answer : Explanation: Principle of operation: When a pressure or force or vibration applied to the crystalline material like quartz crystal or crystalline substances then an e.m.f. is generated across the ... destructive test (NDT) equipment's 4) Piezoelectric materials are use in ultrasonic transducers.

Description : Draw the sketch of electromagnetic flow meter and explain it. State advantages, disadvantages and applications of it.

Last Answer : Diagram:  Explanation: Electromagnetic flow meters works based on Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction. According to this principle, when a conductive medium passes through a magnetic ... water, chilled water. Used for flow measurement of Corrosive liquids, slurries and pastes.

Description : Explain the calibration of series type ohmmeter.

Last Answer : Series Ohmmeter If the resistor's value is unknown and has to be measured by placing it in series with the ohmmeter, then that ohmmeter is called series ohmmeter. The circuit diagram of ... hand of the scale respectively. Series ohmmeter is useful for measuring high values of resistances.

Description : Draw the block diagram of function generator and explain its working.

Last Answer : Principle of operation of function generator: Function generator operates to produce different waveforms such as sine, square, triangular of adjustable frequency which is used to test ... whose frequency is determined by the magnitude of current supplied by constant current sources.

Description : Draw and explain the block diagram of DAS.

Last Answer : Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by ... controlled by software programs developed using various general purpose programming languages.

Description : Explain the need of signal conditioning. 

Last Answer : Need of signal conditioning The Measured, which is basically a physical quantity as is detected by the first stage of instrumentation or measurement system. The first stage, detector transducer ... are require to faithful reproduction of output signal for the final data presentation stage.

Description : Draw the block diagram of instrumentation system and explain function of each block. 

Last Answer : Functions of each block: Primary sensing element: This first receives energy from the measured medium and produces an output depending on measured quantity. Variable conversion element: Converts ... indication of a pointer moving a scale or the recording of a pen Moving over chart.

Description : Draw block diagram of CRO and explain function of each block of it. 

Last Answer : The functions of various blocks are: 1) CRT: This is cathode ray tube which emits electrons that strike phosphor screen internally to provide visual display of signal. 2) VERTICAL AMPLIFIER ... are two power supplies a high voltage supply for CRT & low voltage supply for all circuits.

Description : Explain D’Arsonal PMMC movement in detail. 

Last Answer : OR Working: When current passes through the coil a deflecting torque is produced. This deflecting torque is produced due to interaction between magnetic field produced by permanent ... equilibrium; this is possible only when the controlling torque becomes equal to the deflecting torque.

Description : Draw block diagram of digital frequency meter in time mode and describe its operation.

Last Answer : OR Operation: The input signal is amplified and converted to a square wave by a Schmitt Trigger circuit. In this diagram the square wave is differentiated and clipped to ... thereby closing it. The decimal counter and display unit output correspond to the number of input pulses. 

Description : Draw block diagram of DMM. State its advantages.

Last Answer : Advantages of DMM: 1. DMM provides numerical readouts that eliminate observational errors. Thus providing better readability. 2. DMM offers better accuracy and versatility as compared to ... memory devices for further computations. 5. The decreased size of DMM increases the portability

Description : What is LCR meter? Draw digital LCR –Q meter block diagram.

Last Answer : An LCR meter is a type of electronic test equipment used to measure the inductance (L), capacitance (C), and resistance (R) of an electronic component. Block diagram digital LCR –Q meter  

Description : Draw block diagram of spectrum analyser, State applications of spectrum analyser.

Last Answer : Block Diagram: Applications: 1. Spectrum analyzer is a very important item of test equipment for someone designing or repairing electronic equipment that uses radio frequency signals. 2. Its ... of the dominant frequency within a signal 8. Used to measure the properties of RF devices

Description : Define wave analyser and state its need, Draw the block diagram of it. 

Last Answer : Wave analyzer:- Wave analyzer is an instrument which is used to measure the magnitude of the various harmonics of a complex waveform. It is an instrument that is designed to measure the relative amplitudes ... distortion and the system signal to noise ratio. Block Diagram of Wave analyser

Description : State and describe different triggering available in CRO

Last Answer : A trigger is an external signal or input signal condition that initiates one or more instrument functions. Trigger settings include digital edges, software functions, and analog levels. This tutorial ... the external trigger input. The following figure shows an entering window trigger.  

Description : Draw block diagram of DSO . State applications of DSO

Last Answer : Applications of DSO : 1. It can be used to measure both AC and DC voltages and currents. It can also calculate RMS value, peak value, peak to peak value etc. 2. It ... . 5. It can be used to determine the modulation characteristics and detect the standing waves of transmission lines.