How does a virus get into a host cell? -Biology

How does a virus get into a host cell? -Biology
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Choose the correct statement about amantadine: A. It is an antimetabolite used for viral infections B. It prevents penetration of the virus into the host cell C. It is used to protect high risk subjects during an influenza A2 epidemic D. Concurrent administration of amantadine prevents antibody response to influenza vaccine

Description : Choose the correct statement about amantadine: A. It is an antimetabolite used for viral infections B. It prevents penetration of the virus into the host cell C. It is used ... during an influenza A2 epidemic D. Concurrent administration of amantadine prevents antibody response to influenza vaccine

Last Answer : C. It is used to protect high risk subjects during an influenza A2 epidemic

What event is the first event that occurs when a virus infects a host cell?

Description : What event is the first event that occurs when a virus infects a host cell?

Last Answer : The virus attaches to the host cells membrane.

Which one of the following features is absent in a virus? (1) reproduce within host cell (2) presence of cell wall (3) fully parasitic in nature (4) presence of either DNA or

Description : Which one of the following features is absent in a virus? (1) reproduce within host cell (2) presence of cell wall (3) fully parasitic in nature (4) presence of either DNA or

Last Answer : (2) presence of cell wall Explanation: A virus has a simple structure. It has no internal cellular structure, no cell wall or cell membrane, just the protein coat that holds the string of nucleic ... is a layer located outside the cell membrane found in plants, fungi, bacteria, algae, and archaea.

The function of a viral capsid isA.protection against the viral genome from physical and enzymatic destruction B.providing binding sites that enable the virus to attach to specific receptor sites on the host cell C.serving as a vehicle of transmission from one host to another D.all of the above

Description : The function of a viral capsid is A.protection against the viral genome from physical and enzymatic destruction B.providing binding sites that enable the virus to attach to specific receptor sites on the host ... C.serving as a vehicle of transmission from one host to another D.all of the above

Last Answer : D.all of the above

A viral load test detects the A- provirus of HIV in infected cells B- .total amount of virus in the infected host C- number of viruses being released by each infected cell D- .amount of bacteriophage being produced by E. coli cells

Description : A viral load test detects the A- provirus of HIV in infected cells B- .total amount of virus in the infected host C- number of viruses being released by each infected cell D- .amount of bacteriophage being produced by E. coli cells

Last Answer : provirus of HIV in infected cells

Recombination of virus genomes occurs A- by transduction B- by transcription C- simultaneous infection of a host cell by two viruses with homologous chromosomes D- by transformation

Description : Recombination of virus genomes occurs A- by transduction B- by transcription C- simultaneous infection of a host cell by two viruses with homologous chromosomes D- by transformation

Last Answer : simultaneous infection of a host cell by two viruses with homologous chromosomes

Which one of the following features is absent in a virus ? (1) reproduce within host cell (2) presence of cell wall (3) fully parasitic in nature (4) presence of either DNA or RNA

Description : Which one of the following features is absent in a virus ? (1) reproduce within host cell (2) presence of cell wall (3) fully parasitic in nature (4) presence of either DNA or RNA

Last Answer : presence of cell wall 

Which animal is the natural host of the Nipah virus?

Description : Which animal is the natural host of the Nipah virus?

Last Answer : fruit bats

At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS? (a) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an infected person (b) When the infected retro virus enters host cells (c) When HIV damages large number of helper T  - lymphocytes (d) When the viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase

Description : At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS? (a) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an infected person (b) When the infected retro virus enters host cells (c) ... large number of helper T  - lymphocytes (d) When the viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase

Last Answer : (c) When HIV damages large number of helper T  - lymphocytes

Which of the following is independent malicious program that need not any host programme- a)Trap doors b)Trojan horse c)Virus d)Worm

Description : Which of the following is independent malicious program that need not any host programme- a)Trap doors b)Trojan horse c)Virus d)Worm

Last Answer : d)Worm

Which of the following is independent malicious program that need not any host program? i) Trap doors ii) Trojan horse iii) Virus iv) Worm

Description : Which of the following is independent malicious program that need not any host program? i) Trap doors ii) Trojan horse iii) Virus iv) Worm

Last Answer : iv) Worm

Which one of the following statements applies to smallpox? a. The disease is associated with animal contact. b. The disease has been eradicated worldwide. c. It can be sexually-transmitted. d. The virus can lie dormant in host cells.

Description : Which one of the following statements applies to smallpox? a. The disease is associated with animal contact. b. The disease has been eradicated worldwide. c. It can be sexually-transmitted. d. The virus can lie dormant in host cells.

Last Answer : b. The disease has been eradicated worldwide.

Which of the following is independent malicious program that need not any host program? A) Trap doors B) Trojan horse C) Virus D) Worm

Description : Which of the following is independent malicious program that need not any host program? A) Trap doors B) Trojan horse C) Virus D) Worm

Last Answer : D) Worm

Who demonstrated that viruses are inert outside the host cell and can be crystallised?

Description : Who demonstrated that viruses are inert outside the host cell and can be crystallised?

Last Answer : Who demonstrated that viruses are inert outside the host cell and can be crystallised?

What is found in some viruses and are external lipid membranes borrowed from the host cell.?

Description : What is found in some viruses and are external lipid membranes borrowed from the host cell.?

Last Answer : Lipid membrane called the Envelope

The complement system consists of a series of serum proteins that exist in a quiescent or very low-level state of activation in the uninfected host. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning complement activation? a. The alternate (properdin) pathway of complement activation can occur directly through contact with fungal or bacterial cell wall compounds b. Complement component fragments may serve to decrease vascular permeability c. Excessive complement activation can produce deleterious effects d. Fragments of certain complement components serve as chemoattractants to additional cellular components of the host defense mechanism

Description : The complement system consists of a series of serum proteins that exist in a quiescent or very low-level state of activation in the uninfected host. Which of the following ... certain complement components serve as chemoattractants to additional cellular components of the host defense mechanism

Last Answer : Answer: a, c, d Complement activation can occur through either classic or alternate (properdin) pathways, both of which eventuate in deposition of terminal complement pathway components on the ... and release of lysosomal enzymes that can directly damage certain target tissues, such as the lung

Cytokines are low-molecular-weight polypeptides exerting a wide variety of biologic effects at both local and systemic levels. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the production and actions of cytokines? a. Cytokines are produced solely by macrophages b. Cytokines act only on other cells within the same local environment c. Cytokines may have both protective and deleterious effects on the host d. Each specific cytokine is produced by a single cell type

Description : Cytokines are low-molecular-weight polypeptides exerting a wide variety of biologic effects at both local and systemic levels. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the production and ... effects on the host d. Each specific cytokine is produced by a single cell type

Last Answer : Answer: c Macrophages, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and other cells secrete a large number of different compounds, termed cytokines, that are most probably evolved for the purpose of ... host defenses, exerting both salutatory and deleterious effects on the host, has become increasingly evident

Increasing evidence has implicated gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS endotoxin) as the portion of the gram-negative bacterial cell membrane responsible for many, if not all the toxic effects that occur during gram-negative bacterial sepsis. The following statement(s) is/are true concerning LPS and the host response. a. The LPS molecule can in itself cause physiologic responses similar to that seen during gram-negative bacterial sepsis b. LPS triggers host macrophages to release a variety of cytokines including TNF-a, IL-1a, and IL-1b, IL-6, and IFN-a c. Excessive cytokine production is not associated with detrimental consequences d. TNFa and IL-1b appear to be the primary mediators within the host, exerting deleterious effects on the host when excessive amounts reach the syst

Description : Increasing evidence has implicated gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS endotoxin) as the portion of the gram-negative bacterial cell membrane responsible for many, if not all the ... host, exerting deleterious effects on the host when excessive amounts reach the systemic circulation

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, d The LPS molecule exerts diverse effects on the mammalian host. Immunologic responses to LPS include nonspecific polyclonal B-cell proliferation, macrophage activation and ... deleterious effects on the host only after large amounts are secreted and reach the systemic circulation

Answer: b Metabolic response to injury results in increased energy expenditure. If energy intake is less than expenditure, oxidation of body fat stores and erosion of lean body mass will occur with resultant loss of weight. When weight loss exceeds 10–15% of body weight, the complications of malnutrition interact with disease processes, with increased morbidity and mortality rates. The goal of nutritional support is maintenance of body cell mass and limitation of weight loss to less than 10% preinjury. The major impact of nutritional support in the trauma patient is to aid host defense. Under-nutrition may compromise the available host defense mechanism and may thus increase the likelihood of invasive sepsis, multiple organ system failure, and death. Resuscitation, oxygenation and arrest

Description : Answer: b Metabolic response to injury results in increased energy expenditure. If energy intake is less than expenditure, oxidation of body fat stores and erosion of lean body mass will occur ... requirements, caloric requirements should be distributed at a ratio of 70% as glucose and 30% as fat

Last Answer : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning body fuel reserves? a. The largest fuel reserve in the body is skeletal muscle b. Fat provides about 9 calories/gram c. Free glucose and glycogen stores are a trivial fuel reserve d. Body protein is a valuable storage form of energy

In genetic engineering, a DNA segment (gene) of interest, is transferred to the host cell through a vector. Consider the following four agents (i-iv) in this regard and select the correct option about which one or more of these can be used as a vector/vectors. (i) Bacterium (ii) Plasmid (iii)Plasmodium (iv) Bacteriophage (a) (i), (ii) and (iv) (b) (i) only (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)

Description : In genetic engineering, a DNA segment (gene) of interest, is transferred to the host cell through a vector. Consider the following four agents (i-iv) in this regard and select the correct option about which one or more of these ... ii) and (iv) (b) (i) only (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)

Last Answer : (d) (ii) and (iv)

All of the following statements concerning the actinomycetous filamentous soil bacterium Frankia are correct except that Frankia (a) can induce root nodules on many plant species (b) can fix nitrogen in the free-living state (c) cannot fix specialized vesicles in which the nitrogenase is protected from oxygen by a chemical barrier involving triterpene hopanoids (d) like Rhizobium, it usually infects its host plant through root hair deformation and stimulates cell proliferation in the host’s cortex

Description : All of the following statements concerning the actinomycetous filamentous soil bacterium Frankia are correct except that Frankia (a) can induce root nodules on many plant species (b) can fix ... its host plant through root hair deformation and stimulates cell proliferation in the host's cortex

Last Answer : (b) can fix nitrogen in the free-living state

When a viral nucleic acid becomes part of the host cell chromosome it is called _____. a. lysis b. lysogeny c. maturation d. latent

Description : When a viral nucleic acid becomes part of the host cell chromosome it is called _____. a. lysis b. lysogeny c. maturation d. latent

Last Answer : b. lysogeny

A major difference between EHEC and EPEC is A.EHEC secretes a Shiga-like toxin and EPEC does not B.EHEC possesses a type III secretion system and EPEC does not C.EPEC rearranges host cell actin and EHEC does not D.EPEC passes through the placenta to infect the fetus and EHEC does not

Description : A major difference between EHEC and EPEC is A.EHEC secretes a Shiga-like toxin and EPEC does not B.EHEC possesses a type III secretion system and EPEC does not C.EPEC rearranges host cell actin and EHEC does not D.EPEC passes through the placenta to infect the fetus and EHEC does not

Last Answer : A.EHEC secretes a Shiga-like toxin and EPEC does not

In which of the following cell mediated immunity (CMI) participates? A.Delayed hypersensitivity reaction B.Graft versus host reaction C.Allograft rejection D.All of the above

Description : In which of the following cell mediated immunity (CMI) participates? A.Delayed hypersensitivity reaction B.Graft versus host reaction C.Allograft rejection D.All of the above

Last Answer : D.All of the above

In which of the following cell mediated immunity (CMI) participates? A.Delayed hypersensitivity reaction B.Graft versus host reaction C.Allograft rejection D.All of the above

Description : In which of the following cell mediated immunity (CMI) participates? A.Delayed hypersensitivity reaction B.Graft versus host reaction C.Allograft rejection D.All of the above

Last Answer : .All of the above

Explain virus cultivation in cell culture. -Biology

Description : Explain virus cultivation in cell culture. -Biology

Last Answer : answer: