(i) Industrialisation was the most important factor responsible for the urbanisation in the modem period. (ii ) London soon started emerging as a great industrial centre with a population of about 6,75,000. Over the 19th century, London continued to expand, and its population multiplied fourfold. (iii) The city of London attracted people from all walks of life like clerks, shopkeepers, soldiers, servants, labourers, beggars, etc. (iv) The living conditions in London changed dramatically when people started migrating from the countryside to the city in search of jobs. This was largely because accommodation was not provided to the labourers by the factory owners. (v) The labourers had to live in cheap and unsafe tenements provided by the individual landowners. (vi) Poverty was clearly visible in the city. In 1887, Charles Booth conducted a survey, and concluded that about one million landowners were very poor, and were expected to live only upto an average age of 29. These people were more likely to die in a workhouse, hospital or a lunatic asylum. Meanwhile, the city had extended beyond the range where people could walk to work. So the planners realised the need for a means of transport. (b) (i) Many fell that the “iron monsters added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city. (ii) To make approximately two miles of railway, about 900 houses had to be destroyed. (iii) The London Tube Railway led to a massive displacement of the London poor.