(i) Muslim clergy want to introduce religious reforms in Islam. (ii) In north India, the ulama were deeply anxious about the collapse of Muslim dynasties. (iii) They feared that colonial rulers would encourage conversion, change the Muslim personal laws. (iv) To counter this, they used cheap lithographic presses, published Persian and Urdu translations of holy scriptures and printed religious newspapers and tracts. (v) The Deoband Seminary, founded in 1867, published thousands upon thousands of fatwas. (vi) Telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives, and explaining the meanings of Islamic doctrines.