. From the early 19th century, there were intense debates around religious issues. . Some criticised existing practices and campaigned for reform, while others countered the arguments of reformers. . To reach a wider audience, the ideas were printed in the spoken language of the ordinary people. . Eg: Raja Rammohan Roy published the ‘Sambad Kaumudi ’ and the Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the ‘Samachar Chandrika’ to oppose his opinions.