(i) Every section of society in Vietnam promoted nationalism in its own way. Students started Go East Movement and established associations in Japan to fight the French colonial rule.They took inspiration from Sun Yat Sen’s revolution in China. By 1920s the students were forming various political parties, such as ‘Party of Young Anan’ and publishing nationalist journals like the “The Annanese Student”. Teachers in school resisted the imposition of French culture on them and quickly modified the texts and taught what they wanted. They led a battle against French domination as part of longer battle against colonialism. (ii) Even in everyday life people resisted the French. ‘The Rat Catchers’ added their help to nationalism in their own way. When the plague struck Hanoi’s French Section, the authorities started a ‘rat hunt’ in which they rewarded Vietnamese workers when they produced a rat tail. The rat catchers cut off only the tail of the rats and then released the rats. The French were forced to stop the rewards. This rat menace reveals the limits of French power and the actions of rat catchers reveal the numerous small ways colonialism was fought in everyday life. (iii) In the 18th century, religious movements were hostile to the French domination. The Hao Movement of 1939 was one such movement led by Huynh Phu So. The French called him insane and suppressed the movement but it also contributed to the rise of nationalism. (iv) Politically, the resistance to French domination was led by Phan Boi Chau who formed a revolutionary society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 and Phan Chu Trinh. The former wanted restoration of monarchy and the latter, a republic. In 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought the socialist groups together and formed the Vietnamese Communist Party. Under his leadership the country won freedom.