Recent questions tagged pharmacognosy

Description : Explain the chemical tests of any FOUR crude drugs.

Last Answer : Silk :   1) Silk is soluble in cuoxam, sulphuric acid (66%) and concentrated hydrochloric acid. 2) Silk does not contain sulphur containing amino acids hence the test with lead acetate & KOH solution ... ash.) 5) With N/50 iodine solution followed by 8% sulphuric acid , it gives yellow colour.

Description : Define Enzymes. Write biological source, chemical constituents and uses of Papaya. 

Last Answer : Enzymes- Enzymes are the protein substances which act as catalysts in various biochemical reactions Papaya: Biological source: It consist of dried latex obtained by giving incision on unripen fruit of Carica ... skins and hides. 6. It is used in cheese manufacturing ,as a substitute of rennin.

Description : Write any two examples of drug belonging to following family-

Last Answer : (i) Rubiaceae – Cinchona,Ipecac (ii) Apocynaceae – Vinca , Rauwolfia (iii) Burseraceae – Guggul , Myrrh (iv) Liliaceae - Aloe , Colchicum , Garlic , Shatavari

Description : Name the adulterants and substitute of - i) Nux- Vomica 

Last Answer : i) Nux- Vomica Adulterants:   1) Strychnos nuxblanda  2) Strychnos potatorum Substituents:( 1 mark) 1) Strychnos wallichiana 2) Strychnos ignatii ii) Digitalis Adulterants:  1) Verbascum ... 1) Digitalis lanata 2) Digitalis lutea or straw foxglove 3) Digitalis thapsi or Spanish foxglove

Description : Define “Drug Adulteration”. Describe any four methods of adulteration with suitable examples.

Last Answer : Definition: Adulteration is the debasement of an article. Methods of Adulteration : 1. Replacement by exhausted drugs Ex. a).Exhausted saffron is coloured artificially  b)Exhausted Ginger is mixed with starch ... .  c) White oil in oil of Coconut.  d) Stearin or paraffin in cocoa butter.

Description : Differentiate between Organised and unorganised crude drug.

Last Answer : Organized crude drug Unorganized crude drug  1. It is obtained from definite anatomic parts of the plants such as flowers, leaves, fruits etc. ... , etc 6. Ex. Aloe , bees wax, tragacanth, asafoetida etc.

Description : Write the biological source, chemical constituents and uses of Garlic

Last Answer : Biological source: It consist of bulbs of the plant Allium sativum, Family: Liliaceae  Chemical constituents: Garlic bulbs contain 29%carbohydrates, 56%proteins (albumin), fat, mucilage and ... in high blood pressure and atherosclerosis. It is reported to possess cholesterol suppressing properties.

Description : Describe the method of preparation of fibre obtained from plant source.

Last Answer : The fibre obtained from plant source is Cotton Fruits (capsules) are 3-5 celled,, which contain numerous seeds. Seeds covered with hair, known as Balls. Balls are collected, dried & ... . Again washed, dried & make a flat sheet .Finally packed in paper wrappers & sterilized.  

Description : Define the following with example.

Last Answer : i)Oxytocics: These are the drugs which have stimulant effect on the motility of the uterus.  OR An agent that causes expulsion of the contents of uterus by contracting the uterine muscles. Example- Ergot ... smooth muscles. Example: Black catechu , pale catechu , Amla ,Clove ,Cinnamon ( any 1 )

Description : Explain the general chemical test for the identification of alkaloids

Last Answer : Identification tests for alkaloids by precipitation method: 1. Mayer's Reagent (Potassium mercuric iodide)  Cream or pale yellow ppt. 2. Dragendorff's Reagent (Potassium bismuth iodide)  Brown or ... ppt. 4. Hager's Reagent (Saturated solution of picric acid)  Yellow ppt.

Description :  Define bark. Describe the methods of collection of bark.

Last Answer : Bark: The secondary external tissues lying outside the cambium in stem or root of dicotyledonous plants are known as the bark. Methods of collection: 1.Felling method: The tree is cut at ... develop further yielding aerial parts. These new parts are cut off and bark is collected from shoots.

Description : Explain with example of the following i) Latex ii) Condensed tannin iii) Characteristics of umbelliferous fruit

Last Answer : i) Latex: The latex is a product contained in special secretory tissues of certain plants. It is usually, a white aqueous suspension, wherein microscopically small particles of oil globules are ...  2. Endosperm 9. All umbelliferous fruits contain Volatile oil. Example-Fennel, Coriander, Ajowan 

Description : Write the chemical constituents and uses of the following drug-

Last Answer : i) Cinchona: Chemical constituents: Cinchona contains about 25 alkaloids in the range of 5 to 10%.. Out of 25 alkaloids , only four are therapeutically important and are named as quinine, quinidine, ... in B.P., diuretic, anti-inflammatory activity due to presence of oxazolidone.

Description : Draw a well labelled diagram of T. S. of cinnamon bark and describe any four microscopical characters.

Last Answer : Microscopy: 1. Pericyclic fibre: Small group of about 6 to 15 pericyclic lignified fibres 2. Sclerides: 3 to4 layers of pitted sclerides, thickened lignified walls, isodiametric ... identified after staining with rheuthenium red 7. Oil cells: Big& isolated

Description : Describe the different techniques( any three) for isolation of volatile oils.

Last Answer : Methods of isolation of volatile oil: A) Distillation : Most of the oils are obtained by distillation which are of following 3 types 1.Water distillation -is mostly applicable to such plant ... exhausted petals are replaced by fresh petals and then the oil is collected from the fatty material.

Description : Write method of cultivation and collection of ‘Rauwolfia’.

Last Answer : Cultivation: Loamy soil with large amount of humus and good drainage are ideal for cultivation of Rauwolfia. The PH of the soil should be acidic and around 4. The temperature range for cultivation ... . Care is taken to keep the root bark intact as the bark has higher alkaloidal content.

Description : Define Glycosides. Classify it on the basis of Glycosidic linkage with example.

Last Answer : Glycosides are organic compounds of plant and animal origin which yield on either acidic or enzymatic hydrolysis, one or more sugars and non-sugar residue. Classification on the basis of glycosidic ... ribose or deoxyribose and ultimately give N- glycosides form. e.g. Cinchona

Description : Explain chemical method of classification of crude drug with its merit and demerits. 

Last Answer : Chemical method of classification of crude drug: This type of classification is based on type of chemicals present in the drugs. Class Examples ... two or more active chemical constituents 2. The drugs from various sources are grouped together.

Description : Write official requirements of surgical dressings.

Last Answer : Official requirements of surgical dressings are: ( any 4 requirements) 1. They should be sterile before use. 2. They should be stored in dry well ventilated place at a temperature not ... should not be allowed to freeze. 6. Permitted antiseptic should be used in prescribed concentration only.

Description : Write the name of the drug which has following use:

Last Answer : i) Galactogogue - Shatavari ii) Dental analgesic -Clove iii) Diuretics-Gokhru / Punarnava iv) Brain tonic – Shankhpushpi

Description : Name the drug having following microscopical characters

Last Answer : i) Lignified trichome: Nux vomica ii) Fibrovascular bundle: Ginger iii) Paracytic stomata: Senna

Description : What is Garbling?

Last Answer : Garbling (Dressing): Garbling is the final step in the preparation of a drug which consists of the removal of extraneous matter, such as other parts of the plant, dirt, and added adulterants.

Description : Give the name of the drug which passes the following chemical test.

Last Answer : i) Vitali morin test - Datura ii) Swelling factor test: Ispagol iii) Modified brontrager’s test: Aloe iv) Fiehe’s test : Honey

Description : Explain Galenical pharmacy. Who discovered it?

Last Answer : Galenical pharmacy: Various methods of preparation containing active constituents of crude drugs, and even at present the branch dealing with the extraction of plant and animal drugs is known as galenical pharmacy. Name of scientist : Galen ( A Greek physician)

Description : Mention synonym of the following crude drug

Last Answer : i) Asafoetida :Hing/ gum Asafoetida ( any one ) ii) Liquorice: Mulethi/ Liquorice root / Glycyrrhiza ( any one ) iii) Aconite: Bachnag/Monkshood/ mithazahar/ Mouse bane /Wolf’s bane/ Friar’s cowl/Radix aconite ( any one ) iv) Tulsi : Holy basil/ sacred basil ( any one )

Description : Write example of Pharmaceutical aid obtained from:

Last Answer : i) Animal source : Bees wax/ Lanolin (hydrous wool fat)/ Honey/ Gelatin ( any one ) ii) Mineral source : Kaolin / Talc/ Bentonite/ Chalk ( any one )

Description : State which part of the plant is used in case of

Last Answer : i) Belladona – Dried leaves and other aerial parts ii) Rauwolfia - Roots iii) Ipecac -Rhizomes and roots iv) Colchicum- Dried seeds / Corm

Description : Write the role of ‘Dioscoride’ and ‘Seydler’ in the development of Pharmacognosy.

Last Answer : Dioscoride: A Greek physician described several plants of medicinal importance along with some mineral and animal products in his famous drug treatise; De Materia Medica . Seydler : Seydler coined the term ... two Greek words viz, Pharmakon - a drug and gignosco - to acquire the knowledge of.

Description : Define the following i) Laxatives ii) Pharmacognosy iii) Balsam

Last Answer : i) Laxatives: Laxatives are the substances that loose stools and increase bowel movements. ii) Pharmacognosy: Pharmacognosy is defined as scientific and systematic study of physical, chemical, ... aromatic resinous substances of plant origin containing balsamic acids (benzoic and cinnamic acid).