Which type of validity refers to the degree to which you can infer that the relationship between two variables is causal? a. Internal validity b. Population validity c. Ecological validity d. Statistical conclusion validity

Which type of validity refers to the degree to which you can infer that the relationship between
two variables is causal?
a. Internal validity
b. Population validity

c. Ecological validity
d. Statistical conclusion validity
by

1 Answer

Answer :

a. Internal validity
by

Related questions

Internal validity refers to which of the following? a. The ability to infer that a casual relationship exists between 2 variables b. The extent to which study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, and times c. The use of effective measurement instruments in the study d. The ability to generalize the study results to individuals not included in the study

Description : Internal validity refers to which of the following? a. The ability to infer that a casual relationship exists between 2 variables b. The extent to which study results can be generalized to and ... the study d. The ability to generalize the study results to individuals not included in the study

Last Answer : b. The extent to which study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, and times

What type of validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized across time? a. Ecological validity b. External validity c. Internal validity d. Temporal validity

Description : What type of validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized across time? a. Ecological validity b. External validity c. Internal validity d. Temporal validity

Last Answer : d. Temporal validity

Which one most closely refers to a judgment of the extent to which scores from a test can be used to infer, or predict, the examinees' performance in some activity: a. Content reliability b. Face validity c. Criterion-related validity d. Inference validity

Description : Which one most closely refers to a judgment of the extent to which scores from a test can be used to infer, or predict, the examinees' performance in some activity: a. Content reliability b. Face validity c. Criterion-related validity d. Inference validity

Last Answer : c. Criterion-related validity

Which of the following is necessary in obtaining informed consent? a. A description of the statistical analyses that will be carried out b. A description of the purpose of the research c. A description of the reliability and validity of test instruments d. A list of publications that the researcher has had in the last ten years

Description : Which of the following is necessary in obtaining informed consent? a. A description of the statistical analyses that will be carried out b. A description of the purpose of the research c. A description ... test instruments d. A list of publications that the researcher has had in the last ten years

Last Answer : b. A description of the purpose of the research

The degree to which the components of the research reflect the theory, concept, or variable under study is termed as; a. Design Validity b. Threats to Validity c. Internal validity d. External validity

Description : The degree to which the components of the research reflect the theory, concept, or variable under study is termed as; a. Design Validity b. Threats to Validity c. Internal validity d. External validity

Last Answer : a. Design Validity

Which approach is the strongest for establishing that a relationship is causal? a. Causal-comparative b. Correlational c. Experimental d. Historical

Description : Which approach is the strongest for establishing that a relationship is causal? a. Causal-comparative b. Correlational c. Experimental d. Historical

Last Answer : B

Which of the following is a type of criterion–related validity evidence? a. Concurrent evidence b. Predictive evidence c. Internal consistency d. Both a and b are correct answers

Description : Which of the following is a type of criterion–related validity evidence? a. Concurrent evidence b. Predictive evidence c. Internal consistency d. Both a and b are correct answers

Last Answer : d. Both a and b are correct answers

Which one is refers to how well the particular sample of behaviors used to measure a characteristic reflects the entire domain of behaviors that constitutes that characteristic. a. Construct validity evidence b. Criterion-related validity evidence c. Content validity evidence d. Face validity evidence

Description : Which one is refers to how well the particular sample of behaviors used to measure a characteristic reflects the entire domain of behaviors that constitutes that characteristic. a. Construct validity ... b. Criterion-related validity evidence c. Content validity evidence d. Face validity evidence

Last Answer : c. Content validity evidence

Following are the threats to internal validity Except one; a. Novelty Effect b. History c. Selection d. Maturation

Description : Following are the threats to internal validity Except one; a. Novelty Effect b. History c. Selection d. Maturation

Last Answer : a. Novelty Effect

The posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups is likely to control for which of the following threats to internal validity: a. History b. Differential selection c. additive and interactive effects d. differential attrition

Description : The posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups is likely to control for which of the following threats to internal validity: a. History b. Differential selection c. additive and interactive effects d. differential attrition

Last Answer : a. History

Which is not a direct threat to the internal validity of a research design? a. History b. Testing c. Sampling error d. Differential selection

Description : Which is not a direct threat to the internal validity of a research design? a. History b. Testing c. Sampling error d. Differential selection

Last Answer : c. Sampling error

Which of the following in not one of the key threats to internal validity? a. Maturation b. Instrumentation c. Temporal change d. History

Description : Which of the following in not one of the key threats to internal validity? a. Maturation b. Instrumentation c. Temporal change d. History

Last Answer : c. Temporal change

A hypothesis which states the relationship among three or more variables is called as a. Simple Hypothesis b. Complex Hypothesis c. Research Hypothesis d. Non directional Hypothesis

Description : A hypothesis which states the relationship among three or more variables is called as a. Simple Hypothesis b. Complex Hypothesis c. Research Hypothesis d. Non directional Hypothesis

Last Answer : b. Complex Hypothesis

good qualitative problem statement: a. Defines the independent and dependent variables b. Conveys a sense of emerging design c. Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested d. Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find

Description : good qualitative problem statement: a. Defines the independent and dependent variables b. Conveys a sense of emerging design c. Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested d. Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find

Last Answer : b. Conveys a sense of emerging design

The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods? a. Experimental b. Causal-comparative c. Correlational d. Ethnography

Description : The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods? a. Experimental b. Causal-comparative c. Correlational d. Ethnography

Last Answer : a. Experimental

______ research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable. a. causal-comparative research b. experimental research c. ethnography d. correlational research

Description : ______ research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable. a. causal-comparative research b. experimental research c. ethnography d. correlational research

Last Answer : b. experimental research

Which strategy used to promote qualitative research validity uses multiple research methods to study a phenomenon? a. Data triangulation b. Methods triangulation c. Theory triangulation d. Member checking

Description : Which strategy used to promote qualitative research validity uses multiple research methods to study a phenomenon? a. Data triangulation b. Methods triangulation c. Theory triangulation d. Member checking

Last Answer : b. Methods triangulation

The use of multiple data sources to help understand a phenomenon is one strategy that is used to promote qualitative research validity. Which of the following terms describes this strategy? a. Data matching b. Pattern matching c. Data triangulation d. Data feedback

Description : The use of multiple data sources to help understand a phenomenon is one strategy that is used to promote qualitative research validity. Which of the following terms describes this strategy? a. Data matching b. Pattern matching c. Data triangulation d. Data feedback

Last Answer : c. Data triangulation

The use of multiple observers to allow cross-checking of observations to make sure that the investigators agree with what took place is known as a. Interpretive validity b. Researcher bias c. Multiple operationalism d. Investigator triangulation

Description : The use of multiple observers to allow cross-checking of observations to make sure that the investigators agree with what took place is known as a. Interpretive validity b. Researcher bias c. Multiple operationalism d. Investigator triangulation

Last Answer : d. Investigator triangulation

Which is the process of gathering evidence supporting inferences based test scores? a. Validation b. Validity c. Reliability d. Prediction

Description : Which is the process of gathering evidence supporting inferences based test scores? a. Validation b. Validity c. Reliability d. Prediction

Last Answer : a. Validation

Let’s say that a test accurately indicates participants’ scores on a future criterion (e.g., the PSAT is used to indicate high-school GPA scores). This test would clearly have which of the following? a. Face validity b. Concurrent validity c. Predictive validity d. Content validity

Description : Let’s say that a test accurately indicates participants’ scores on a future criterion (e.g., the PSAT is used to indicate high-school GPA scores). This test would clearly have which of the following? a. Face validity b. Concurrent validity c. Predictive validity d. Content validity

Last Answer : c. Predictive validity

Which one of the following is consists of rules for assigning numbers to objects to represent quantities of attributes? a. Reliability b. Measurement c. Measurement error d. Validity

Description : Which one of the following is consists of rules for assigning numbers to objects to represent quantities of attributes? a. Reliability b. Measurement c. Measurement error d. Validity

Last Answer : b. Measurement

The importance of the correlation co-efficient lies in the fact that: (A) There is a linear relationship between the correlated variables. (B) It is one of the most valid measure of statistics. (C) It allows one to determine the degree or strength of the association be tween two variables. (D) It is a non-parametric method of statistical analysis.

Description : The importance of the correlation co-efficient lies in the fact that: (A) There is a linear relationship between the correlated variables. (B) It is one of the most valid measure of statistics. ... of the association be tween two variables. (D) It is a non-parametric method of statistical analysis.

Last Answer : (C) It allows one to determine the degree or strength of the association be tween two variables.

Which one of the following supports “reasoning moves from general to specific situation or conclusion”? a. Scientific reasoning b. Deductive reasoning c. Inductive reasoning d. None of the above

Description : Which one of the following supports “reasoning moves from general to specific situation or conclusion”? a. Scientific reasoning b. Deductive reasoning c. Inductive reasoning d. None of the above

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What are the five key objectives of science? a. prediction, summary, conclusion, explanation, description b. influence, prediction, questions, exploration, answers c. exploration, description, explanation, prediction, influence d. questions, answers, prediction, explanation, summary

Description : What are the five key objectives of science? a. prediction, summary, conclusion, explanation, description b. influence, prediction, questions, exploration, answers c. exploration, description, explanation, prediction, influence d. questions, answers, prediction, explanation, summary

Last Answer : c. exploration, description, explanation, prediction, influence

Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises? a. Rationalism b. Deductive Reasoning c. Inductive Reasoning d. Probabilistic

Description : Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises? a. Rationalism b. Deductive Reasoning c. Inductive Reasoning d. Probabilistic

Last Answer : b. Deductive Reasoning

A hypothesis that States the nature (positive or negative) of the interaction between two or more variables is called a. Associated Hypothesis b. Casual Hypothesis c. Null Hypothesis d. Directional Hypothesis

Description : A hypothesis that States the nature (positive or negative) of the interaction between two or more variables is called a. Associated Hypothesis b. Casual Hypothesis c. Null Hypothesis d. Directional Hypothesis

Last Answer : d. Directional Hypothesis

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of descriptive studies? a. To serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation b. To get rigorous control of the variables c. To serve as a starting point for theory development d. To observe, describe, & document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs

Description : Which of the following is NOT a purpose of descriptive studies? a. To serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation b. To get rigorous control of the variables c. To serve as a starting ... for theory development d. To observe, describe, & document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs

Last Answer : b. To get rigorous control of the variables

There are a number of ways in which confounding extraneous variables can be controlled. Which control technique is considered to be the best? a. Random assignment b. Matching c. Counterbalancing d. None of the above

Description : There are a number of ways in which confounding extraneous variables can be controlled. Which control technique is considered to be the best? a. Random assignment b. Matching c. Counterbalancing d. None of the above

Last Answer : a. Random assignment

Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher controls for both known and unknown variables? a. Building the extraneous variable into the design b. Matching c. Random assignment d. Analysis of covariance

Description : Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher controls for both known and unknown variables? a. Building the extraneous variable into the design b. Matching c. Random assignment d. Analysis of covariance

Last Answer : c. Random assignment

Research hypotheses are ______. a. Formulated prior to a review of the literature b. Statements of predicted relationships between variables c. Stated such that they can be confirmed or refuted d. b and c

Description : Research hypotheses are ______. a. Formulated prior to a review of the literature b. Statements of predicted relationships between variables c. Stated such that they can be confirmed or refuted d. b and c

Last Answer : d. b and c

Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables? a. Age, Temperature, Income, Height b. Grade Point Average, Anxiety Level, Reading Performance c. Gender, Religion, Ethnic Group d. Both a and b

Description : Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables? a. Age, Temperature, Income, Height b. Grade Point Average, Anxiety Level, Reading Performance c. Gender, Religion, Ethnic Group d. Both a and b

Last Answer : d. Both a and b

Research that is done to examine the findings of someone else using the "same variables but different people” is which of the following? a. Exploration b. Hypothesis c. Replication d. Empiricism

Description : Research that is done to examine the findings of someone else using the "same variables but different people” is which of the following? a. Exploration b. Hypothesis c. Replication d. Empiricism

Last Answer : c. Replication

Which type of reliability refers to the consistency of a group of individuals' scores on two equivalent forms of a test designed to measure the same characteristic? a. Split-half b. Test-retest c. Split-forms d. Equivalent forms

Description : Which type of reliability refers to the consistency of a group of individuals' scores on two equivalent forms of a test designed to measure the same characteristic? a. Split-half b. Test-retest c. Split-forms d. Equivalent forms

Last Answer : d. Equivalent forms

Which of the following is not a type of reliability? a. Test-retest b. Split-half c. Content d. Internal consistency

Description : Which of the following is not a type of reliability? a. Test-retest b. Split-half c. Content d. Internal consistency

Last Answer : c. Content

The nonrandom sampling type that involves selecting a convenience sample from a population with a specific set of characteristics for your research study is called _____. a. Convenience sampling b. Quota sampling c. Purposive sampling d. Snowball sampling

Description : The nonrandom sampling type that involves selecting a convenience sample from a population with a specific set of characteristics for your research study is called _____. a. Convenience sampling b. Quota sampling c. Purposive sampling d. Snowball sampling

Last Answer : c. Purposive sampling

The type of sampling in which each member of the population selected for the sample is returned to the population before the next member is selected is called _________. a. Sampling without replacement b. Sampling with replacement c. Simple random sampling d. Systematic sampling

Description : The type of sampling in which each member of the population selected for the sample is returned to the population before the next member is selected is called _________. a. Sampling without replacement b. Sampling with replacement c. Simple random sampling d. Systematic sampling

Last Answer : b. Sampling with replacement

What term refers to the insider's perspective? a. Ethnocentrism b. Emic perspective c. Etic perspective d. Holism

Description : What term refers to the insider's perspective? a. Ethnocentrism b. Emic perspective c. Etic perspective d. Holism

Last Answer : b. Emic perspective

Which of the following refers to use of more than one theoretical position in interpreting data? a. Data Triangulation b. Time Triangulation c. Method Triangulation d. Theory Triangulation

Description : Which of the following refers to use of more than one theoretical position in interpreting data? a. Data Triangulation b. Time Triangulation c. Method Triangulation d. Theory Triangulation

Last Answer : d. Theory Triangulation

Which of the following refers to any systematic change that occurs over time in the way in which the dependent variable is assessed? a. Instrumentation b. Maturation c. Testing d. Selection

Description : Which of the following refers to any systematic change that occurs over time in the way in which the dependent variable is assessed? a. Instrumentation b. Maturation c. Testing d. Selection

Last Answer : a. Instrumentation

What is another term that refers to a confounding extraneous variable? a. Last variable b. First variable c. Third variable d. Fourth variable

Description : What is another term that refers to a confounding extraneous variable? a. Last variable b. First variable c. Third variable d. Fourth variable

Last Answer : c. Third variable

Which one refers to physical or mental changes that may occur within individuals over time, such as aging, learning, boredom, hunger, and fatigue? a. Instrumentation b. History c. Maturation d. Testing

Description : Which one refers to physical or mental changes that may occur within individuals over time, such as aging, learning, boredom, hunger, and fatigue? a. Instrumentation b. History c. Maturation d. Testing

Last Answer : c. Maturation

When evaluating tests and assessments, “reliability” refers to asking ourselves which of the following questions? a. Does it measure what it is supposed to measure? b. Are there ways to avoid subjective judgments when measuring something? c. Does it give consistent results? d. Does it measure multiple constructs?

Description : When evaluating tests and assessments, reliability refers to asking ourselves which of the following questions? a. Does it measure what it is supposed to measure? b. Are there ways to avoid ... when measuring something? c. Does it give consistent results? d. Does it measure multiple constructs?

Last Answer : c. Does it give consistent results?

Which of the following types of reliability refers to the consistency of test scores over time? a. Equivalent forms reliability b. Split-half reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Inter-scorer reliability

Description : Which of the following types of reliability refers to the consistency of test scores over time? a. Equivalent forms reliability b. Split-half reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Inter-scorer reliability

Last Answer : c. Test-retest reliability

Which term refers to publishing several articles from the data collected in one large study? a. Duplicate publication b. Partial publication c. Triplicate publication d. None of these

Description : Which term refers to publishing several articles from the data collected in one large study? a. Duplicate publication b. Partial publication c. Triplicate publication d. None of these

Last Answer : b. Partial publication

The act of publishing the same data and results in more than one journal or publication refers to which of the following professional issues: a. Partial publication b. Duplicate publication c. Deception d. Full publication

Description : The act of publishing the same data and results in more than one journal or publication refers to which of the following professional issues: a. Partial publication b. Duplicate publication c. Deception d. Full publication

Last Answer : b. Duplicate publication

Identify the term that refers to a post study interview in which all aspects of the study are revealed, reasons for the use of deception are given, and the participants’ questions are answered? a. Desensitizing b. Debriefing c. Dehoaxing d. Deploying

Description : Identify the term that refers to a post study interview in which all aspects of the study are revealed, reasons for the use of deception are given, and the participants’ questions are answered? a. Desensitizing b. Debriefing c. Dehoaxing d. Deploying

Last Answer : b. Debriefing

is a statistical technique which determines and quantifies the relationship between variables and enables standard equations to be established for energy consumption. a) linear regression analysis b) time-dependent energy analysis c) moving annual total d) CUSUM

Description : is a statistical technique which determines and quantifies the relationship between variables and enables standard equations to be established for energy consumption. a) linear regression analysis b) time-dependent energy analysis c) moving annual total d) CUSUM

Last Answer : a) linear regression analysis