The ventilation movements of the lungs in mammals are governed by (a) muscular walls of lung (b) diaphragm (c) intercostal muscles (d) both (b) and (c)

The ventilation movements of the lungs in mammals
are governed by
(a) muscular walls of lung
(b) diaphragm
(c) intercostal muscles
(d) both (b) and (c)
by

1 Answer

Answer :

(d) both (b) and (c).
by

Related questions

The ventilation movements of the lungs in mammals are governed by

Description : The ventilation movements of the lungs in mammals are governed by

Last Answer : The ventilation movements of the lungs in mammals are governed by A. Muscular wall of the ... C. Diaphragm D. Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Select the correct statement. (a) Expiration occurs due to external intercostal muscles. (b) Intrapulmonary pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure during inspiration. (c) Inspiration occurs when atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure. (d) Expiration is initiated due to contraction of diaphragm.

Description : Select the correct statement. (a) Expiration occurs due to external intercostal muscles. (b) Intrapulmonary pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure during inspiration. (c) Inspiration ... less than intrapulmonary pressure. (d) Expiration is initiated due to contraction of diaphragm.

Last Answer : (b) Intrapulmonary pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure during inspiration.

Among mammals, the efficiency of ventilation of lungs as compared to reptiles and birds is better developed by the presence of

Description : Among mammals, the efficiency of ventilation of lungs as compared to reptiles and birds is better developed by the presence of

Last Answer : Among mammals, the efficiency of ventilation of lungs as compared to reptiles and birds is better ... Only ribs C. Only costal muscles D. Diaphragm

(a) Draw a schematic representation of transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during transportation of blood in human beings and label on it: Lung capillaries, Pulmonary artery to lungs, Aorta to body, Pulmonary veins from lungs. (b) What is the advantage of separate channels in mammals and birds for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood? -Biology

Description : (a) Draw a schematic representation of transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during transportation of blood in human beings and label on it: Lung capillaries, Pulmonary artery to ... the advantage of separate channels in mammals and birds for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood? -Biology

Last Answer : (a) A schematic representation of transportation and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during transportation of blood in human beings (b) It is necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated ... . The separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood provides high oxygen supply to the organs.

Lungs do not collapse between breaths and some air always remains in the lungs which can never be expelled because (a) there is a negative pressure in the lungs (b) there is a negative intrapleural pressure pulling at the lung walls (c) there is a positive intrapleural pressure (d) pressure in the lungs is higher than the atmospheric pressure.

Description : Lungs do not collapse between breaths and some air always remains in the lungs which can never be expelled because (a) there is a negative pressure in the lungs (b) there is a negative ... there is a positive intrapleural pressure (d) pressure in the lungs is higher than the atmospheric pressure.

Last Answer : (b) there is a negative intrapleural pressure pulling at the lung walls

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning carbon dioxide kinetics? a. The amount of carbon dioxide produced is equivalent to the amount of oxygen consumed b. Carbon dioxide levels in blood, present mostly as a bicarbonate ion, can quickly change c. Normally the amount of carbon dioxide excreted through the lung is exactly equal to the amount of carbon dioxide produced in peripheral tissues d. The amount of carbon dioxide excreted is a function of ventilation of perfused alveoli

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning carbon dioxide kinetics? a. The amount of carbon dioxide produced is equivalent to the amount of oxygen consumed b. Carbon dioxide levels ... tissues d. The amount of carbon dioxide excreted is a function of ventilation of perfused alveoli

Last Answer : Answer: a, c, d The total amount of carbon dioxide produced by systemic metabolism is roughly equivalent to the amount of oxygen consumed (100-120 cc/m2/min, 200 cc/min in a typical ... carbon dioxide excreted is a function of ventilation of perfused alveoli (i.e. the alveolar ventilation/min).

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning CO2 transfer in the lung? a. Carbon dioxide excretion is a direct function of alveolar ventilation b. Normally end tidal CO2 should be identical to PaCO2 c. The gradient between end tidal and arterial CO2 can be an indirect measure of nonperfused alveoli d. Positive pressure ventilation under normal airway pressures creates a significant end tidal PaCO2 gradient

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning CO2 transfer in the lung? a. Carbon dioxide excretion is a direct function of alveolar ventilation b. Normally end tidal ... d. Positive pressure ventilation under normal airway pressures creates a significant end tidal PaCO2 gradient

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c The amount of carbon dioxide excretion is directly related to alveolar ventilation. While oxygenation is a function of matching blood flow to alveoli, carbon dioxide excretion is ... high (over 30 cm H2O) and the compression volume is a significant component of each exhaled breath

Which one of the following is a possibility for most of us in regard to breathing, by making a conscious effort? (a) One can breathe out air totally without oxygen. (b) One can breathe out air through Eustachian tube by closing both nose and mouth. (c) One can consciously breathe in and breathe out by moving the diaphragm alone, without moving the ribs at all. (d) The lungs can be made fully empty by forcefully breathing out all air from them

Description : Which one of the following is a possibility for most of us in regard to breathing, by making a conscious effort? (a) One can breathe out air totally without oxygen. (b) One can breathe out air ... ribs at all. (d) The lungs can be made fully empty by forcefully breathing out all air from them

Last Answer : (b) One can breathe out air through Eustachian tube by closing both nose and mouth

The figure shows a diagrammatic view of human respiratory system with labels A, B, C and D. Select the option which gives correct identification and main function and / or characteristic. (a) C - Alveoli - Thin walled vascular bag like structures for exchange of gases. (b) D - Lower end of lungs - Diaphragm pulls it down during inspiration. (c) A - Trachea - Long tube supported by complete cartilaginous rings for conducting inspired air. (d) B - Pleural membrane - Surround ribs on both sides to provide cushion against rubbing.

Description : The figure shows a diagrammatic view of human respiratory system with labels A, B, C and D. Select the option which gives correct identification and main function and / or characteristic. (a) C - ... air. (d) B - Pleural membrane - Surround ribs on both sides to provide cushion against rubbing.

Last Answer : (a) C - Alveoli - Thin walled vascular bag like structures for exchange of gases.

Among the following sets of salient features, which set does not exclusively characterize mammals? (1) Presence of sweat, glands, hairs on skin and diphyoclonts (2) Presence of mammary glands, sweat glands and diaphragm (3) Presence of mammary' glands, sweat glands, and diaphragm (4) Presence of mammary glands, hairs on skin and diaphragm.

Description : Among the following sets of salient features, which set does not exclusively characterize mammals? (1) Presence of sweat, glands, hairs on skin and diphyoclonts (2) Presence of mammary glands, sweat ... glands, sweat glands, and diaphragm (4) Presence of mammary glands, hairs on skin and diaphragm.

Last Answer : (3) Presence of mammary' glands, sweat glands, and diaphragm Explanation: Ayes are also worm blooded and their heart is four-chambered. Crocodiles (Reptilia) also have fourchambered heart.

Which one of the following categories of animals, is correctly described with no single exception in it? (a) All reptiles possess scales, have a three chambered heart and are cold blooded (poikilothermal). (b) All bony fishes have four pairs of gills and an operculum on each side. (c) All sponges are marine and have collared cells. (d) All mammals are viviparous and possess diaphragm for breathing.

Description : Which one of the following categories of animals, is correctly described with no single exception in it? (a) All reptiles possess scales, have a three chambered heart and are cold blooded ( ... marine and have collared cells. (d) All mammals are viviparous and possess diaphragm for breathing.

Last Answer : (b) All bony fishes have four pairs of gills and an operculum on each side

Which one of the following categories of animals, is correctly described with no single exception in it? (a) All reptiles possess scales, have a three chambered heart and are cold blooded (poikilothermal). (b) All bony fishes have four pairs of gills and an operculum on each side. (c) All sponges are marine and have collared cells. (d) All mammals are viviparous and possess diaphragm for breathing.

Description : Which one of the following categories of animals, is correctly described with no single exception in it? (a) All reptiles possess scales, have a three chambered heart and are cold blooded ( ... marine and have collared cells. (d) All mammals are viviparous and possess diaphragm for breathing.

Last Answer : (b) All bony fishes have four pairs of gills and an operculum on each side.

Among the following sets of salient features, which set does not exclusively characterize mammals? (1) Presence of sweat glands, hairs on skin and diphyodonts (2) Presence of mammary glands, sweat glands and diaphragm (3) Presence of mammary glands, sweat glands and diaphragm (4) Presence of mammary glands, hairs on skin and diaphragm.

Description : Among the following sets of salient features, which set does not exclusively characterize mammals? (1) Presence of sweat glands, hairs on skin and diphyodonts (2) Presence of mammary glands, sweat ... glands, sweat glands and diaphragm (4) Presence of mammary glands, hairs on skin and diaphragm.

Last Answer :  Presence of mammary glands, sweat glands and diaphragm

Which of the following are involved in the process of breathing in humans? (a) nervous system (b) diaphragm (c) rib muscles (d) All of these

Description : Which of the following are involved in the process of breathing in humans? (a) nervous system (b) diaphragm (c) rib muscles (d) All of these

Last Answer : Ans:(d)

High numbers of Trichinella larvae are present in__________ D A. Diaphragm B. Tongue C. Massetar muscles D. All of these

Description : High numbers of Trichinella larvae are present in__________ D A. Diaphragm B. Tongue C. Massetar muscles D. All of these

Last Answer : All of these

Select the correct events that occur during inspiration. (1) Contraction of diaphragm (2) Contraction of external inter-costal muscles (3) Pulmonary volume decreases (4) Intra pulmonary pressure increases (a) (1) and (2) (b) (3) and (4)

Description : Select the correct events that occur during inspiration. (1) Contraction of diaphragm (2) Contraction of external inter-costal muscles (3) Pulmonary volume decreases (4) Intra pulmonary pressure increases (a) (1) and (2) (b) (3) and (4)

Last Answer : (1) Contraction of diaphragm

Histamine secreting cells are found in (a) connective tissues (b) lungs (c) muscular tissue (d) nervous tissue

Description : Histamine secreting cells are found in (a) connective tissues (b) lungs (c) muscular tissue (d) nervous tissue

Last Answer : (a) connective tissues

One of the following statements about muscular responses is not true. Choose that one (a) A muscle fibre contracts in all-or-none fashion (b) There is a slight latent period that occurs between when the stimulus arrives at the muscle and when a muscle contracts. (c) Muscles will add motor units to a contraction, increasing the overall force of contraction (d) When a person is fully at rest, none of the muscles are contracting in the body

Description : One of the following statements about muscular responses is not true. Choose that one (a) A muscle fibre contracts in all-or-none fashion (b) There is a slight latent period that occurs between when ... contraction (d) When a person is fully at rest, none of the muscles are contracting in the body

Last Answer : Ans:(d)

What accumulates in the muscles after continuous strenuous physical exercise as a result of temporary anaerobic respiration that causes muscular fatigue? (1) ATP (2) Lactic acid (3) Ethyl alcohol (4) Carbon dioxide

Description : What accumulates in the muscles after continuous strenuous physical exercise as a result of temporary anaerobic respiration that causes muscular fatigue? (1) ATP (2) Lactic acid (3) Ethyl alcohol (4) Carbon dioxide

Last Answer : (2) Lactic acid Explanation: Anaerobic reactions break down glucose into pyruvic acid, which then reacts to produce lactic acid. As muscle metabolism shifts from aerobic to anaerobic ATP production, ... begins to accumulate in muscles and to appear in the bloodstream. This leads to muscle fatigue.

Name the muscles that help in the following muscular movement.

Description : Name the muscles that help in the following muscular movement.

Last Answer : Walking – Locomotor Respiration – movement of diaphragm Speaking – muscles of vocal cord Expression of emotions – facial muscles Propulsion of food in alimentary canal – Smooth muscles Pumping of blood – cardiac muscles Urination – contraction of smooth muscles of the urinary bladder.

Select the correct statement regarding the specific disorder of muscular or skeletal system. (a) Muscular dystrophy – Age related shortening of muscles (b) Osteoporosis – Decrease in bone mass and higher chances of fractures with advancing age (c) Myasthenia gravis – Autoimmune disorder which inhibits sliding of myosin filaments (d) Gout – Inflammation of joints due to extra deposition of calcium

Description : Select the correct statement regarding the specific disorder of muscular or skeletal system. (a) Muscular dystrophy - Age related shortening of muscles (b) Osteoporosis - Decrease in bone mass and ... of myosin filaments (d) Gout - Inflammation of joints due to extra deposition of calcium

Last Answer : (b) Osteoporosis – Decrease in bone mass and higher chances of fractures with advancing age

What accumulates in the muscles after continuous strenuous physical exercise as a result of temporary anaerobic respiration that causes muscular fatigue ? (1) ATP (2) Lactic acid (3) Ethyl alcohol (4) Carbon dioxide

Description : What accumulates in the muscles after continuous strenuous physical exercise as a result of temporary anaerobic respiration that causes muscular fatigue ? (1) ATP (2) Lactic acid (3) Ethyl alcohol (4) Carbon dioxide

Last Answer : Lactic acid

Which has no muscular walls `:-`

Description : Which has no muscular walls `:-`

Last Answer : Which has no muscular walls `:-` A. Capillary B. Arteriole C. Veins D. Artery

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - (1) inhibits the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary (2) inhibits the rate of heart beat (3) causes the muscular walls of the arterioles to contract that simulates the reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules (4) causes an increase in the blood pressure

Description : Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - (1) inhibits the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary (2) inhibits the rate of heart beat (3) causes the muscular walls of the arterioles to contract that simulates the reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules (4) causes an increase in the blood pressure

Last Answer : (3) causes the muscular walls of the arterioles to contract that simulates the reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules

How does the intercostal muscle help in breathing?

Description : How does the intercostal muscle help in breathing?

Last Answer : When you breathe out, or exhale, your diaphragm relaxes and moves upward into the chest cavity. The intercostal muscles between the ribs also relax to reduce the space in the chest cavity.

An 18-year-old man shot once in the left chest has a blood pressure of 80/50 mm. Hg, a heart rate of 130 beats per minute, and distended neck veins. Immediate treatment might include: A. Administration of one liter of Ringer's lactate solution. B. Subxiphoid pericardiotomy. C. Needle decompression of the left chest in the second intercostal space. D. Emergency thoracotomy to cross-clamp the aorta.

Description : An 18-year-old man shot once in the left chest has a blood pressure of 80/50 mm. Hg, a heart rate of 130 beats per minute, and distended neck veins. Immediate treatment might include: A. ... of the left chest in the second intercostal space. D. Emergency thoracotomy to cross-clamp the aorta.

Last Answer : Answer: AC DISCUSSION: The finding of distended neck veins in conjunction with hypotension should suggest tension pneumothorax or pericardial tamponade. Absent ipsilateral breath sounds and a trachea ... injuries. There is no role for aortic cross-clamping in this scenario of cardiogenic shock

The nurse auscultates the apex beat at which of the following anatomical locations? a) Fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line The left ventricle is responsible for the apex beat or the point of maximum impulse, which is normally palpable in the left midclavicular line of the chest wall at the fifth intercostal space. b) Mid-sternum The right ventricle lies anteriorly, just beneath the sternum. c) 2” to the left of the lower end of the sternum Use of inches to identify the location of the apex beat is inappropriate based upon variations in human anatomy. d) 1” to the left of the xiphoid process Auscultation below and to the left of the xiphoid process will detect gastrointestinal sounds, but not the apex beat of the heart.

Description : The nurse auscultates the apex beat at which of the following anatomical locations? a) Fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line The left ventricle is responsible for the apex beat or the point of ... of the xiphoid process will detect gastrointestinal sounds, but not the apex beat of the heart.

Last Answer : a) Fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line The left ventricle is responsible for the apex beat or the point of maximum impulse, which is normally palpable in the left midclavicular line of the chest wall at the fifth intercostal space.

The blood leaving the lungs is richer than the blood entering the lung is `:-`

Description : The blood leaving the lungs is richer than the blood entering the lung is `:-`

Last Answer : The blood leaving the lungs is richer than the blood entering the lung is `:-` A. Oxygen B. `CO_(2)` C. Hydrogen D. Moisture

Assertion `:-` The anatomical setup of lungs in thorax is such that any change in the volume of the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the lung cavi

Description : Assertion `:-` The anatomical setup of lungs in thorax is such that any change in the volume of the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the lung cavi

Last Answer : Assertion `:-` The anatomical setup of lungs in thorax is such that any change in the volume of ... False. D. If both Assertion & Reason are false.

What is vital capacity of our lungs? (a) Inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume (b) Total lung capacity minus residual volume (c) Inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume (d) Total lung capacity minus expiratory reserve volume

Description : What is vital capacity of our lungs? (a) Inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume (b) Total lung capacity minus residual volume (c) Inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume (d) Total lung capacity minus expiratory reserve volume

Last Answer : (b) Total lung capacity minus residual volume

Which of the following is a sign of deep anaesthesia: A. Appearance of tears in eyes B. Resistance to passive inflation of lungs C. Fall in blood pressure D. Patient makes swallowing movements

Description : Which of the following is a sign of deep anaesthesia: A. Appearance of tears in eyes B. Resistance to passive inflation of lungs C. Fall in blood pressure D. Patient makes swallowing movements

Last Answer : C. Fall in blood pressure

In mammals, an important role of excretion is played by – (1) Large intestine (2) Kidneys (3) Lungs (4) Liver

Description : In mammals, an important role of excretion is played by – (1) Large intestine (2) Kidneys (3) Lungs (4) Liver

Last Answer : (2) Kidneys Explanation: The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that serve several excretory roles apart from the essential regulatory roles in mammals. They remove from the blood the nitrogenous wastes ... of urine. In producing urine, the kidneys excrete nitrogenous wastes such as urea and ammonium.

In mammals, an important role of excretion is played by – (1) Large intestine (2) Kidneye (3) Lungs (4) Liver

Description : In mammals, an important role of excretion is played by – (1) Large intestine (2) Kidneye (3) Lungs (4) Liver

Last Answer : (2) Kidneye Explanation: The Kidneys are bean-shaped organs that serve several excretory roles apart from the essential regulatory roles in mammals.

In man and mammals, air passes from outside into the lungs through (a) nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli (b) nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli (c) nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli (d) nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

Description : In man and mammals, air passes from outside into the lungs through (a) nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli (b) nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchioles, ... bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli (d) nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

Last Answer : (d) nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

Which one of the following statements is incorrect? (a) The principle of countercurrent flow facilitates efficient respiration in gills of fishes. (b) The residual air in lungs slightly decreases the efficiency of respiration in mammals. (c) The presence of non-respiratory air sacs, increases the efficiency of respiration in birds. (d) In insects, circulating body fluids serve to distribute oxygen to tissues.

Description : Which one of the following statements is incorrect? (a) The principle of countercurrent flow facilitates efficient respiration in gills of fishes. (b) The residual air in lungs slightly decreases the ... in birds. (d) In insects, circulating body fluids serve to distribute oxygen to tissues.

Last Answer : (b) The residual air in lungs slightly decreases the efficiency of respiration in mammals.

Which one of the following characteristics is not shared by birds and mammals? (a) Viviparity (b) Warm blooded nature (c) Ossified endoskeleton (d) Breathing using lungs

Description : Which one of the following characteristics is not shared by birds and mammals? (a) Viviparity (b) Warm blooded nature (c) Ossified endoskeleton (d) Breathing using lungs

Last Answer : (a) Viviparity

In mammals, an important role of excretion is played by (1) Large intestine (2) Kidneys (3) Lungs (4) Liver

Description : In mammals, an important role of excretion is played by (1) Large intestine (2) Kidneys (3) Lungs (4) Liver

Last Answer : Kidneys

Identify the tissue shown in the diagram and match with its characteristics and its location. (a) Smooth muscles, show branching, found in the wall of the heart(b) Cardiac muscles, unbranched muscles, found in the walls of the heart (c) Striated muscles, tapering at both-ends, attached with the bones of the ribs (d) Skeletal muscles show striations and are closely attached with the bones of the limbs

Description : Identify the tissue shown in the diagram and match with its characteristics and its location. (a) Smooth muscles, show branching, found in the wall of the heart (b) Cardiac muscles, unbranched ... the ribs (d) Skeletal muscles show striations and are closely attached with the bones of the limbs

Last Answer : (d) Skeletal muscles show striations and are closely attached with the bones of the limbs

Give one reason for the following statements : (a) The blood is called connective tissue. (b) Muscles are able to contract and relax to bring about movements. (c) Muscles of heart are called involuntary muscles. -Biology 9th

Description : Give one reason for the following statements : (a) The blood is called connective tissue. (b) Muscles are able to contract and relax to bring about movements. (c) Muscles of heart are called involuntary muscles. -Biology 9th

Last Answer : a) blood flows in every part of our body and thus connecting every part of our body and hence blood is known as liquid connective tissue b)as skeletal muscles contracts and relax as they have special ... c)muscle of heart are known as involuntary muscle because we can't control them by our own will

Which are the respiratory muscles in mammals?

Description : Which are the respiratory muscles in mammals?

Last Answer : In mammals the muscles that participate in the breathing process are the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. In respiratory insufficiency other muscles can help the respiration, the muscles of the shoulders, neck, thorax and abdomen. Breathing Process Review - Image Diversity: respiratory muscles

EEG is a technique to record the activity of – (1) heart (2) lungs (3) brain (4) muscles

Description : EEG is a technique to record the activity of – (1) heart (2) lungs (3) brain (4) muscles

Last Answer : (3) brain Explanation: Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain.

EEG records the activity of - (1) heart (2) lungs (3) brain (4) muscles

Description : EEG records the activity of - (1) heart (2) lungs (3) brain (4) muscles

Last Answer : (3) brain. Explanation: Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the ... of time, usually 20-40 minutes, as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp.

EEG is a technique to record the activity of (1) heart (2) lungs (3) brain (4) muscles

Description : EEG is a technique to record the activity of (1) heart (2) lungs (3) brain (4) muscles

Last Answer : brain

EEG records the activity of (1) heart (2) lungs (3) brain (4) muscles

Description : EEG records the activity of (1) heart (2) lungs (3) brain (4) muscles

Last Answer : brain

A person whose inner walls lining the main airways of the lungs become inflamed and who develops a dry cough for a few days, probably has a. Acute Bronchitis. b. Epiglottitis. c. Pneumonia. d. Chronic Bronchitis.

Description : A person whose inner walls lining the main airways of the lungs become inflamed and who develops a dry cough for a few days, probably has a. Acute Bronchitis. b. Epiglottitis. c. Pneumonia. d. Chronic Bronchitis.

Last Answer : c. Pneumonia

(A)______ muscles are located in the inner walls of hollow visceral organs of the body like the alimentary canal, reproductive tract etc. they do not

Description : (A)______ muscles are located in the inner walls of hollow visceral organs of the body like the alimentary canal, reproductive tract etc. they do not

Last Answer : (A)______ muscles are located in the inner walls of hollow visceral organs of the body like the alimentary ... (B)____ and are in (C)____ appearance.