State and explain the concept of transmission bandwidth.

State and explain the concept of transmission bandwidth.
by

1 Answer

Answer :

Bandwidth is defined as the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal  We may also define the bandwidth as the frequency range over which as information signal is transmitted.  Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequency limits of the signal.  We already know different types of baseband signals such as voice signal, music signal, t.v signal etc. Each of these signals will have it’s own frequency range. This frequency range of a signal is knows as it’s bandwidth.  For example the range of music signal is 20 HZ to 15 KHZ. Therefore the bandwidth is(f2-f1)  BW= f2 - f1= 15000-20=14980Hz
by

Related questions

State and explain concept of bandwidth.

Description : State and explain concept of bandwidth.

Last Answer : 1. Bandwidth is defined as a range within a band of frequencies or wavelengths. ... For digital devices, the bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per second (bps) or bytes per second. For analog devices, the bandwidth ... or Hertz (Hz) 2.Suppose the frequency range is f1 to f2 , then B.W= f2 - f1

State the IF frequency and bandwidth of FM receiver.

Description : State the IF frequency and bandwidth of FM receiver.

Last Answer : IF for FM receiver: 10.7 MHz. Bandwidth of FM receiver:88MHz to 108 MHz

Compare PAM, PWM, and PPM on the basis of i. Variable characteristics ii. Bandwidth iii. Information contained in iv. Transmitted power

Description : Compare PAM, PWM, and PPM on the basis of i. Variable characteristics ii. Bandwidth iii. Information contained in iv. Transmitted power

Last Answer : Compare PAM, PWM, and PPM on the basis of i. Variable characteristics ii. Bandwidth iii. Information contained in iv. Transmitted power

In a FM system, the maximum deviation is 75KHz. Find bandwidth for modulating frequency i. fm=500Hz ii. fm=5KHz iii. fm=10KHz Draw conclusion for bandwidth of FM from answer.

Description : In a FM system, the maximum deviation is 75KHz. Find bandwidth for modulating frequency i. fm=500Hz ii. fm=5KHz iii. fm=10KHz Draw conclusion for bandwidth of FM from answer.

Last Answer : Given deviation∆=75kHz i) fm=500Hz bandwidth B.W=2(∆+fm)  =2(75k+500)=151kHz  ii). fm=5KHz bandwidth B.W=2(∆+fm)  =2(75k+5k)=160KHz iii) fm=10KHz bandwidth B.W=2(∆+fm)  =2(75k+10k)=170KHz As the modulating frequency increases bandwidth also increases.

Define: 1)Frequency 2)Bandwidth 3)Wavelength 4)Time period

Description : Define: 1)Frequency 2)Bandwidth 3)Wavelength 4)Time period

Last Answer : Frequency: Frequency is the number of cycles per second. Bandwidth: A range of frequencies within a given band, in particular that used for transmitting a signal. Wavelength: Wavelength can be defined as ... for one complete cycle of vibration to pass a given point.  OR Time period=1/frequency

Differentiate between AM and FM on the basis of: (i) Definition (ii) Bandwidth (iii) Modulation Index (iv) Application

Description : Differentiate between AM and FM on the basis of: (i) Definition (ii) Bandwidth (iii) Modulation Index (iv) Application

Last Answer : Compare AM and FM on the basis of i)Definition ii)Bandwidth iii) Wave propogation iv)Number of sidebands

For AM, fc =500kHz , fm = 5 kHz Determine: (i) Upper and lower sideband frequencies (ii) Bandwidth

Description : For AM, fc =500kHz , fm = 5 kHz Determine: (i) Upper and lower sideband frequencies (ii) Bandwidth

Last Answer : Given data fc = 500KHz , fm = 5KHz USB =fc+fm USB = 500+5  =505 KHz. LSB =fc – fm LSB = 500 – 5  =495 KHz Bandwidth = 2fm .  = 2* 5 =10 KHz

State and explain the losses in transmission line.

Description : State and explain the losses in transmission line.

Last Answer : Losses in Transmission Line:- There are three ways in which energy, applied to a transmission may desperate before reaching the load. They are 1) Radiation Losses:- Its occurs when a ... down voltage of the dielectric insulator. Generally when corona occurs, the transmission line is destroyed.

Explain pre-emphasis and de-emphasis concept in FM.

Description : Explain pre-emphasis and de-emphasis concept in FM.

Last Answer : Pre-emphasis:- In an FM system the higher frequencies contribute more to the noise than the lower frequencies. Because of this all FM systems adopt a system of pre-emphasis where the higher frequencies are ... at receiver to improve the noise immunity Pre-emphasis/ De-emphasis graph:

Calculate the characteristics impedance for a transmission line having L=0.5 mH/Km, C=0.08 µF and negligible R and G.

Description : Calculate the characteristics impedance for a transmission line having L=0.5 mH/Km, C=0.08 µF and negligible R and G.

Last Answer : L=0.5 mH/Km C=0.08 µF

A load of 200 ohm is used to match 300 ohm transmission line to achieve SWR=1. Find out the required characteristic impedance of a quarter of a quarter wave transformer connected directly to the load.

Description : A load of 200 ohm is used to match 300 ohm transmission line to achieve SWR=1. Find out the required characteristic impedance of a quarter of a quarter wave transformer connected directly to the load.

Last Answer : Solution :

a) For a transmission line, Find SWR and reflection coefficient R if, i. There is no reflected voltage. ii. Reflected voltage and incident voltage is equal. iii. If reflected voltage=20V and incident voltage=10V. iv. If reflected voltage=10V and incident voltage =20V.

Description : a) For a transmission line, Find SWR and reflection coefficient R if, i. There is no reflected voltage. ii. Reflected voltage and incident voltage is equal. iii. If reflected voltage=20V and incident voltage=10V. iv. If reflected voltage=10V and incident voltage =20V.

Last Answer : reflection coefficient R=Vr/Vi i. There is no reflected voltage. i.e,Vr=0 R=0 SWR= 1+R/1-R=1 ii. Reflected voltage and incident voltage is equal. Vr=Vi; R=1 SWR= 1+R/1-R=1+1/1-1=infinity iii. If reflected ... and incident voltage =20V. Vr=10 and Vi=20 R=10/20=0.5 SWR= 1+R/1-R=1+.5/1-.5=3 

Define the transmission line? Draw it‟s general equivalent circuit.

Description : Define the transmission line? Draw it‟s general equivalent circuit.

Last Answer : Transmission line: A conductor or conductors designed to carry electricity or an electrical signal over large distances with minimum losses and distortion.  Equivalent circuit:

For transmission line, the incident voltage Ei = 6V, and Er = 3V. Calculate: (1) Reflection coefficient (2) Standing wave ratio

Description : For transmission line, the incident voltage Ei = 6V, and Er = 3V. Calculate: (1) Reflection coefficient (2) Standing wave ratio

Last Answer : (1)Reflection coefficient  (2) Standing wave ratio (1)Reflection coefficient Reflection coefficient R=Er/Ei  =3/6  R=0.5 (2) Standing wave ratio SWR=Ei+Er/Ei-Er  =6+3/6-3  SWR =3

Draw general equivalent circuit of transmission line.

Description : Draw general equivalent circuit of transmission line.

Last Answer : Fig. General Equivalent circuit of transmission line 

The parameters of Transmission line are R = 50 Ω/ km, L= 1mH/km ,C = 0.1µf/km, G = 2µV/km. calculate characteristic impedance.

Description : The parameters of Transmission line are R = 50 Ω/ km, L= 1mH/km ,C = 0.1µf/km, G = 2µV/km. calculate characteristic impedance.

Last Answer : The parameters of Transmission line are R = 50 Ω/ km, L= 1mH/km ,C = 0.1µf/km, G = 2µV/km. calculate characteristic impedance.

For a transmission line, the incident voltage. Ei = 6V and Er =2V ,Calculate: (i) Reflection Coefficient (ii) SWR

Description : For a transmission line, the incident voltage. Ei = 6V and Er =2V ,Calculate: (i) Reflection Coefficient (ii) SWR

Last Answer : Reflection Coefficient(K) = Er / Ei  = 2V / 6V  K = 0.333 SWR = 1+K / 1- K  = 1+0.333 / 1-0.333  = 1.333 / 0.667 SWR= 1.998

State the need of stub. Explain single stub and double stub matching.

Description : State the need of stub. Explain single stub and double stub matching.

Last Answer : Stub:- Stub is the piece of short circuited transmission line which is used to tune out the reactance of the load when connected across the transmission line as close as possible. ... but lengths are independently adjustable. The double stub matching provides wide range of impedance matching.  

Explain loop antenna with neat sketch. Draw radiation pattern. State its advantages and applications.

Description : Explain loop antenna with neat sketch. Draw radiation pattern. State its advantages and applications.

Last Answer : Loop antenna:-The single turn coil carrying RF current through it having length less than the wavelength.   Advantages:- 1. highly directive 2. Small size Applications:- 1. For direction finding 2. In portable receivers 3. In navigation 

State and explain the types of noise in communication system.

Description : State and explain the types of noise in communication system.

Last Answer : External Noise:  Atmospheric Noise  Atmospheric noise or static is caused by lighting discharges in thunderstorms and other natural electrical disturbances occurring in the atmosphere. These ... between two or more paths, and results from the random fluctuations in the division.

Draw practical set-up and explain the procedure to measure selectivity of radio receiver.

Description : Draw practical set-up and explain the procedure to measure selectivity of radio receiver.

Last Answer : Procedure to measure selectivity of radio receiver: Throughout the measurement the receiver is kept tuned to desired frequency 950 Khz. Now the generator output frequency is deviated below ... the generator output voltage is adjusted to get a standard 50 miliwatt receiver output power.

Explain the working of amplitude limiter in FM receiver with circuit diagram.

Description : Explain the working of amplitude limiter in FM receiver with circuit diagram.

Last Answer : Amplitude limiter: The function of amplitude limiter is to remove all amplitude variation of FM carrier voltage that may occur due to atmospheric disturbances. Use of amplitude limiter makes the system less noisy  Circuit Diagram:

Explain duct propagation with neat sketch.

Description : Explain duct propagation with neat sketch.

Last Answer : Duct propagation is a special type and used for very high microwave frequencies. New phenomenon which occurs in super-refraction, also known as ducting. As the height above earth increases, ... in the standard atmosphere. The Duct propagation is used for very high frequencies in GHz range.

Draw circuit diagram of transistor reactance modulator. Explain its working.

Description : Draw circuit diagram of transistor reactance modulator. Explain its working.

Last Answer : Explanation- A reactance modulator is illustrated in figure. It is basically a standard commonemitter class A amplifier. Resistors R1 and R2 from a voltage divider to bias ... frequency, whereas a lower capacitance increases the frequency. The circuit produces direct frequency modulations.

Define and explain the term beam width related to antenna with a sketch.

Description : Define and explain the term beam width related to antenna with a sketch.

Last Answer : Definition: The beam width of an antenna is described as the angles created by comparing the half power point (3dB) on the main radiation lobe to its maximum power point. As an example the beam width ... max voltage at center of lobe (these point are known as half power points.) Sketch-  

Explain operation of balanced slope detector with „s‟ curve.

Description : Explain operation of balanced slope detector with „s‟ curve.

Last Answer : Diagram: Explanation:   Curve:  

Draw block diagram of FM receiver and explain the use of limiter circuit.

Description : Draw block diagram of FM receiver and explain the use of limiter circuit.

Last Answer : Diagram Explanation Amplitude limiter: The function of amplitude limiter is to remove all amplitude variation of FM carrier voltage that may occur due to atmospheric disturbances. Use of amplitude limiter makes the system less noisy.

Explain “BALUN” with neat sketch

Description : Explain “BALUN” with neat sketch

Last Answer : Diagram- Explaination

Explain working of envelope detector with suitable diagram and waveform.

Description : Explain working of envelope detector with suitable diagram and waveform.

Last Answer : Envelope Detector: An Envelope Detector is an electronic circuit that takes a high frequency signal as input and provides an output which is as envelopes of the original signal. The capacitor ... decreases the responsiveness thus, real-world designs must be optimized for the application.

Draw construction of Yagi-Uda antenna and explain.

Description : Draw construction of Yagi-Uda antenna and explain.

Last Answer : Explanation A Yagi-Uda antenna, commonly known as a Yagi antenna, is a directional antenna consisting of multiple parallel elements in a line, usually half-wave dipoles made of ... receiver with a transmission line and additional parasitic elements called reflector and one or more directors.

Why should local oscillator frequency be greater than signal frequency in AM receiver? Also explain why IF has constant value?

Description : Why should local oscillator frequency be greater than signal frequency in AM receiver? Also explain why IF has constant value?

Last Answer : Reason for LO frequency to be greater than signal frequency The local oscillator frequency (f0) is made greater than signal frequency (Fs) in radio receiver: Local oscillator frequency range is 995 ... frequency of desired signal because the IF is constant and same for all the incoming RF signal.

Explain virtual height with respect to wave propagation with neat sketch.

Description : Explain virtual height with respect to wave propagation with neat sketch.

Last Answer : In ionization layer the incident wave refracts and bends down gradually than sharply.   The incident and refracted rays follow paths that are exactly the same as they would have been if reflection had taken place from a surface located at a greater height called virtual height of this layer. 

Explain isotropic radiator with neat sketch.

Description : Explain isotropic radiator with neat sketch. 

Last Answer : An isotropic radiator is a point source that radiates equally in all the directions. It is a hypothetical antenna used as a reference to describe real antenna. The radiation is represented by a sphere with center coincides with location of isotropic radiator.

Explain ground wave propogation with neat sketch.

Description : Explain ground wave propogation with neat sketch. 

Last Answer : Sketch-   Explanationi) It consists of direct wave which travels near the ground from Transmitter to Receiver. ii) The electromagnetic wave leaves the transmitting antenna & remains close to earth surface ... . The ground wave is the path chosen when frequency in between 30 KHz & 3 MHz 

Draw and explain block diagram of electronic communication system.

Description : Draw and explain block diagram of electronic communication system.

Last Answer : Block diagram of electronic communication system. Explanation Transducer: A transducer is usually required to convert the output of a source into an electrical signal that is suitable for ... etc. Output Transducer: The output transducer converts electrical signal in to sound signal.  

Explain how modulation reduces height of antenna and avoid mixing of signals.

Description : Explain how modulation reduces height of antenna and avoid mixing of signals.

Last Answer : Modulation reduces antenna height: For the transmission of radio signals, the antenna height must be multiple of λ/4 ,where λ is the wavelength . λ = c /f where c : is the ... will occupy different slots in the frequency domain (different channels). Thus, modulation avoids mixing of signals.

Why electromagnetic waves are said to be transverse wave ? Explain.

Description : Why electromagnetic waves are said to be transverse wave ? Explain.

Last Answer : The electromagnetic waves are oscillations which propagate through free space. In electromagnetic waves the direction of electric field, magnetic field & propagation are mutually perpendicular. Hence electromagnetic waves are called as transverse wave.

Explain with a neat diagram of ratio detector. Why limiter stage is not used before ratio detector.

Description : Explain with a neat diagram of ratio detector. Why limiter stage is not used before ratio detector.

Last Answer : With diode D2 reversed , O is positive with respect to b, so that Vab is a sum voltage rather than the difference it was in the discriminator it is now possible to connect a large capacitor ... of limiter stage due to large capacitor C5 .Hence, limiter stage is not used in ratio detector.  

Explain with block diagram of Armstrong method of FM generation.

Description : Explain with block diagram of Armstrong method of FM generation.

Last Answer : Explanation:- The crystal oscillator generates the carrier at low frequency typically at 1 MHz this is applied to the combining network and a 90o phase shifter. The modulating signal is passed through an ... power amplifier to raise the power level of the FM signal.  Phasor Diagram:-   

With the help of neat diagram, explain the working of phase discriminator.

Description : With the help of neat diagram, explain the working of phase discriminator.

Last Answer : Explanation:- This discriminator is also known as the center tuned discriminator or the Foster Seeley discriminator after its inventors. It is possible to obtain the same S- Shape response curve from a circuit in ... fin = fc, fin > fc + Δf and fin<fc- Δf should be given marks

Draw and explain PLL as an FM demodulator.

Description : Draw and explain PLL as an FM demodulator.

Last Answer : Explanation:- FM signal which is to be demodulated is applied to input of PLL.VCO output must be identical to input signal if PLL is to remain locked. As PLL is locked, VCO ... error voltage represents the modulating signal. Thus at the error amplifier output we get demodulated FM output.

Define stub. Explain single and double stub in brief with neat sketch.

Description : Define stub. Explain single and double stub in brief with neat sketch.

Last Answer : Stub:- Stub is the piece of short circuited transmission line which is used to tune out the reactance of the load when connected across the transmission line as close as possible ... but lengths are independently adjustable. The double stub matching provides wide range of impedance matching. 

Explain effect of 'm' on AM with neat waveforms.

Description : Explain effect of 'm' on AM with neat waveforms.

Last Answer : i)m< 1  If m < 1 or if the percentage of modulation is less than 100% the this type of modulation is known as under modulation The amplitude of modulating signal less than carrier ... greater amplitude part of its information is lost in the process of modulation which is undesirable.

Explain reactance modulator for FM generation.

Description : Explain reactance modulator for FM generation.

Last Answer : Explanation :- Audio modulating signal is applied to Q1 which varies the base voltage and current of Q1 according to the input information to be transmitted. The collector current ... lower the frequency & decrease capacitance increase the frequency and thus produce direct FM at output.

Explain skip zone and skip distance with neat diagram.

Description : Explain skip zone and skip distance with neat diagram.

Last Answer : Skip distance:-Skip distance is defined as the shortest distance from a transmitter, measured along the surface of earth at which a sky wav of fixed frequency returns back to the earth. Skip zone: skip zone where signal is not detectable

Explain any four different frequency bands and give their two applications of each.

Description : Explain any four different frequency bands and give their two applications of each.

Last Answer : Explain any four different frequency bands and give their two applications of each.

Define the term baluns and explain where is it used?

Description : Define the term baluns and explain where is it used?

Last Answer : A type of electrical transformer used to connect an unbalanced circuit to a balanced oneORA balun is a type of transformer: it's used to convert an unbalanced signal to a balanced ... :- In audio applications, baluns convert between high-impedance unbalanced and low impedance balanced lines.

Draw the circuit diagram of practical diode detector and explain its working.

Description : Draw the circuit diagram of practical diode detector and explain its working. 

Last Answer : Circuit diagram of practical diode detector:  Explanation- The circuit operates in the following manner- The diode has been reversed so that now the negative envelope is demodulated. Due to this ... to produce AGC voltage. The DC AGC voltage is proportional to the amplitude of AM signal. 

Explain half dipole antenna ( Resonant antenna ) with its radiation patteren.

Description : Explain half dipole antenna ( Resonant antenna ) with its radiation patteren. 

Last Answer : Half wave dipole antenna Explanation:  1. It is a resonant antenna 2. It is exact half wavelength (λ /2) long & open circuited at one end. 3. The dipole antennas have ... pattern is bidirectional.  The radiation pattern of half wave dipole antenna is - The radiation pattern

Explain standing waves with load terminal open circuited and short circuited.

Description : Explain standing waves with load terminal open circuited and short circuited. 

Last Answer : Standing waves with load terminal open circuited   Standing waves: The forward and reflected waves on the incorrectly terminated transmission line produce an interference pattern known as Standing ... , the load impedance will not be equal to the transmission line (characteristic)impedence.