Define permeability and coefficient of permeability 

1 Answer

Answer :

Definition

i) Permeability (k) “It is defined as the properly of soli which permits the seepage of fluid through interconnecting voids under gravity

OR

Permeability (k) It is defined as the speed at which the water flows through voids under unit head at unit hydraulic gradient 

ii) Coefficient of permeability

 It is defined as velocity of flow under a unit hydraulic gradient through soil mass

 It is measured in cm / sec or mm / sec or m / sec or m / day

 Mathematically, it is represented as K = v/i

 Where v = discharge velocity in m/s

i = hydraulic gradient

Related questions

Description : State the Darcy’s law of permeability with expression. Hence define coefficient of permeability.

Last Answer : Darcy's law of permeability: It states that for laminar flow, the rate of flow or discharge per unit time is directly proportional to hydraulic gradient. Expression: q = KiA  / = Ki  V = Ki ... velocity of flow under a unit hydraulic gradient through a soil. Mathematically: K = V/i

Description : Write step by step procedure to determine coefficient of permeability of fine grained soil by falling head method in laboratory.

Last Answer : This method is suitable for fine grained soil as quantity of water collected through soil mass is very less and cannot be measured accurately 2. The falling head test is used for relatively less permeable ... equal to the difference of water level in the stand pipe and the bottom tank. 

Description : Define permeability and Phreatic Line

Last Answer : Permeability  “It is defined as the properly of soli which permits the seepage of fluid through interconnecting voids under gravity  Phreatic Line: The topmost seepage line in an earthen dam at which hydrostatic pressure is zero, is called as Phreatic line.

Description : Define coefficient of uniformity and coefficient of curvature. Calculate Cu and Cc if D10 = 0.90 mm, D30 = 1.18 mm, D60 = 2.30 mm.

Last Answer : Coefficient of uniformity: It is the ratio of D60 to D10 values of soil from particle size distribution curve, called as coefficient of uniformity. Coefficient of curvature: It is the ratio of square of D30 to product of D10 and D60 values of coefficient of curvature.

Description : State Darcy’s Law of permeability.

Last Answer : It states that for laminar flow, the rate of flow or discharge per unit time is directly proportional to hydraulic gradient. q= KiA or V= / = Ki Where q= discharge per unit time. , A= total cross- ... , v= velocity of flow, h= differential head of water = h1-h2, L= length of soil sample. 

Description : State the factors affecting permeability.

Last Answer : Followings are the factors which affect permeability: 1. Particle Size or diameter of soil particle 2. Impurities in water 3. Void ratio 4. Degree of Saturation 5. Adsorbed water 6. ... layer 8. Properties of pore fluid i.e. viscosity and temperature 9. Shape of particle

Description : Define Soil Stabilization. State any three points of necessary of soil stabilization.

Last Answer : Define: - Soil Stabilization is defined as improving the engineering performance of soil by artificial means. Necessity of Soil Stabilization : - 1. To increase the shear strength of soil. 2. To reduce ... of structures. 6. To increase the density of soil. 7. To reduce permeability of soil.

Description : Define outcrop and fold of rock. 

Last Answer : i) Out crop: The dip and strike of beds can be easily measured in the field from their exposures called outcrops  ii) Fold: Folds may be defined as undulations or bends that are developed in the rock ... To which these rock have been subjected to, from time to time in the past history of the Earth.

Description : Define: 1) Degree of saturation and 2) Air content.

Last Answer : i) Degree of saturation: The degree saturation is a ratio of the volume of water in the voids to the volume of voids. It is expressed as per cent ii) Air When soil mass is completely dry the ... = Vv Air content is defined as ratio of volume of air to volume of voids, i.e ac =Va/Vv

Description : Define outcrop and strike

Last Answer : i) Out crop: The dip and strike of beds can be easily measured in the field from their exposures called outcrops ii) Strike: The horizontal distance perpendicular to the fault plane is called as strike.

Description : Define compaction and state purpose of compaction.

Last Answer : Define Compaction : Instant compression of soil under dynamic load is called compaction Purpose of compaction : 1. To increase density and thereby shear strength and bearing capacity of soil, this is ... of earth dam. 5.To increase resistance towards erossion of soil by rain and other causes.

Description : Define ultimate bearing capacity and safe bearing capacity.

Last Answer : Ultimate bearing capacity (qu): It is the gross pressure at the base of the foundation at which the soil fails in shear is called as ultimate bearing capacity. Safe bearing capacity (qs) : It ... capacity is also referred to as the ultimate bearing capacity qu divided by factor of safety F.

Description : Define shear strength of soil and state field situations of shear failure. 

Last Answer : Shear Strength of Soil: Shear strength is a term used in soil mechanics to describe the magnitude of the shear stress that a soil can sustain. . Field situations where shear failure occurs 1) ... wall, especially surcharge 3)Under foundation along planes of maximum shear 4) Sub grades of road.

Description : Define Flow Net and state its characteristic

Last Answer : Flow Net: - The grid, mesh or net formed by intersection of equipotential line and flow a line is called as flow net. Characteristic of Flow Net: - i) In a flow net, flow lines ... approximately squares. v) The flow net is representative of the flow pattern and dissipation of the hydraulic head.

Description : Define void ratio; porosity; water content and degree of saturation.

Last Answer : i) Voids Ratio: Voids ratio e of a given soil sample is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of soil solids in the given soil mass. e=Vv/Vs ii) Porosity: The ratio of volume of voids ( ... ratio of the volume of water in the voids to the volume of voids. It is expressed as per cent

Description : Define folds and draw neat sketch of a fold and label its different parts. 

Last Answer : Fold: Folds may be defined as undulations or bends that are developed in the rock of the Earth’s crust, as a result of stresses (commonly lateral compression) To which these rocks have been subjected to, from time to time in the past history of the Earth.

Description : Define minerals and state any six properties of minerals.

Last Answer : Minerals have distinguishing physical properties that in most cases can be use to determine the identity of the mineral. Among the various properties crystal, habit, cleavage, hardness, density, luster, ... of water) Colour: color is sometimes an extremely diagnostic property of mineral

Description : Define earthquake and intensity.

Last Answer : i. Earthquake: It is define as vibrations induced in the earth's crust due to internal or external causes that virtually shake up a part of the crust and all the structures and living and ... of the actual shaking at the location during an earthquake and is assigned as Roman Capital Numerical.

Description : Define joints and state their classification.

Last Answer : Joints: joint are defined as a fracture in rock where there has been no lateral movement in the plane of the fracture (up, down or sideway) of one side relative to the other. Classification of joints ... , iii) Oblique joints. c) Origin i) Tension joints, ii) Shear joints, iii) Compression joints

Description : Define outcrop and faults.

Last Answer : i) Out crop: The dip and strike of beds can be easily measured in the field from their exposures called outcrops.  ii) Fault: The fractures along which there has been relative movement ... process of development of fractures and displacement of the blocks against each other is termed as faulting.

Description : Define geology and state its branches.

Last Answer : Geology: Geology is the science of study of the solid matter that constitutes the Earth. Encompassing such things as rocks, soil, gemstones, geology studies, the composition, structure, physical properties ... geology ix. Applied geology x. Hydrology xi. Indian geology xii. photo-geology

Description : Define plasticity index and classify soil on its basis.

Last Answer : a) Plasticity index (Ip) It is give measure of degree of plasticity of soil. It is difference be liquid limit and plastic limit Ip = WL - Wp Greater plasticity index, the greater is degree of plasticity of the soil. ... based on Ip i) Non plastic soil  If wp = o        Ip = wL ii) Plastic soil

Description : Define fault and state its classification

Last Answer : Fault: The fractures along which there has been relative movement of the blocks past each other. The entire process of development of fractures and displacement of the blocks against each other is termed as ... by a movement of the disrupted blocks along a medical poit called the hinge point.  

Description : Define petrology and rock

Last Answer : a. Petrology: Formation of various types of rocks, their mode of occurrence, composition, texture and structures, geological and geographical distribution on the earth are all studied uner petrology. It ... of one mineral i.e. monomineralic or it may consist of different minerals i.e. polymineralic

Description : State the types of consistency limit and define any one

Last Answer : Types of consistency limit 1.Liquid limit 2.Plastic limit 3.Shrinkage limit Liquid limit- It is minimum water content at which two separated grooved soil parts mixed together under 25 blows of ... in volume of soil due to further decrease in water content : is termed as shrinkage limit.

Description : Define outcrop, Dip , Strike and fold of Rocks.

Last Answer : 1.Outcrop -The exposure of solid rock on the earth surface is known as outcrop.  2.Dip - It is the inclination of bedding plane of rock with horizontal is called as Dip.  3.Strike - ... the bends or curvatures in rock formed due to action of compressive forces on horizontal layers called as fold.

Description : Define term porosity. 

Last Answer : Porosity- It is the ratio of volume of voids to the total volume of soil , measured in percentage is called as porosity. 

Description : Define water content and voids ratio of soil.

Last Answer : Water content- It is the ratio of weight of water to weight of soil soilds which is measured in percentage called as water content.  Voids ratio – It is the ratio of volume of voids to volume of solids called as voids ratio.

Description : Define Liquid limit, Plastic Limit, Shrinkage limit and Plasticity index.

Last Answer : Liquid limit (WL) - It is minimum water content at which two separated grooved soil parts mixed together under 25 blows of casagrande's liquid limit apparatus; is called as liquid limit. Plastic limit (Wp ... difference between the liquid limit (WL) and plastic limit (Wp). IP = WL - Wp

Description : Define safe bearing capacity and allowable bearing pressure. 

Last Answer : Safe bearing capacity (qs): It is the maximum pressure which the soil can carry without risk of shear failure is called as safe bearing capacity.  OR Sometimes the safe bearing capacity is ... in shear nor there is excessive settlement of structure, is called as Allowable bearing pressure.

Description : Define dip and folds.

Last Answer : Dip – It is the inclination of bedding plane of rock with horizontal is called as Dip. Fold – It is the bends or curvatures in rock formed due to action of compressive forces on horizontal layers called as fold.

Description : Define specific gravity of soil. Explain the stepwise procedure of determination of specific gravity of soil by pycnometer. 

Last Answer : Specific Gravity: It is ratio of unit weight in air of a given volume of soil solids at a specific temperature to unit weight in air of an equal volume of distilled water at same temperature. ... Repeat all above steps two more times to calculate average specific gravity of given soil sample.

Description : Define i. Seismology ii. Focus iii. Epicenter iv. Intensity

Last Answer : i. Seismology: A branch of geophysical science dealing with to study the causes and effects of the earthquakes and to make predictions of their occurrence in the future. ii. Focus: It is a ... of the actual shaking at the location during an earthquake and is assigned as Roman capital letters.

Description : Define Liquid limit.

Last Answer : Liquid limit (WL): It is minimum water content at which two separated grooved soil parts mixed together under 25 blows of casagrande’s liquid limit apparatus; is called as liquid limit.

Description : Define weathering of rocks.

Last Answer : Weathering of rock : The process, by which the rock is decayed, disintegrated and decomposition with the action of the distractive mechanical or chemical action of the physical agent of atmosphere like wind, water and ice is called a Weathering.

Description : Define : i. Void ratio ii. Water content. 

Last Answer : i. Void Ratio: It is the ratio of volume of voids to the volume of solids.  ii. Water It is the ratio of the weight of water (Ww) to the weight of solids (Ws). 

Description : Define CBR and write the significance of CBR . 

Last Answer : i) Definition : The California Bearing Ratio abbreviated as CBR is defined as the ratio of test load to the standard load, expressed as percentage for a given penetration of plunger ii) ... It is used for evaluating the suitability of subgrade, sub - base and base course materials. 

Description : Define compaction and write any three rollers used for compaction with their suitability.

Last Answer : Compaction: Instant compression of soil under dynamic load is called compaction. Rollers with their suitability a) Smooth wheel rollers: Suitability: These rollers best suitable for subgrade or base coarse ... thickness. c) Sheep foot roller: Suitability: Suitable only for fine grained soil. 

Description : Define: (i) Consistency limit (ii) Liquid limit (iii) Plastic limit (iv) Shrinkage limit

Last Answer : 1. Consistency Limit: The water content at which the soil passes from one state to the another state is called as consistency limit.  2. Liquid Limit: It is defined as the maximum water ... water content at which further reduction in water content will not cause decrease in volume of soil mass. 

Description : Define earthquake and classify it on the basis of origin. 

Last Answer : Earthquake: An earthquake is the result from the sudden release of stored energy due to abrupt dislocation and disturbances within its interior causes the sudden vibrations (shaking) of the ... Earth Quake: Earth Quake originated due to volcanic eruption, atomic explosions, Landslides, avalanches. 

Description : Define weathering and write the factors affecting weathering. 

Last Answer : Weathering: The process by which the rocks is decayed, disintegrated & de-composited with the action of the physical agent of atmosphere like wind, water & ice is called as weathering. Factors affecting ... Steep slope b. Gentle slope. 3. Climate 4. Vegetation cover & organisms. 5. Time

Description : Define: 1) Fault 2) Folding

Last Answer : 1. Fault: Fault is fracture, along which the movement of the one block with respect to other has taken place. The movement may vary from a few centimeters to many kilometers depending upon the nature ... are tilted out of the horizontal plane forming a set of arches and troughs is called fold.. 

Description : Define the crust and write the thickness of crust for following mentioned areas: 1) Under the ocean 2) Under continents. 

Last Answer : Crust :The crust is earths lithosphere which is fragmented into tectonic plates that move over a rheic upper mantle (asthenosphere) via processes that are collectively refer to as plate tectonic. i) Under the ocean – 7 to 12 km. ii) Under continents – 30 to 45 km. 

Description : Define mineralogy and petrology. 

Last Answer : i) Petrology: Formation of various types of rocks, their mode of occurrence, composition, texture and structures, geological and geographical distribution on the earth are all studied under ... specific sub-branches such as crystallography, optical mineralogy and descriptive mineralogy and so on. 

Description : Define focus, epicenter, seismograph and isoseismic line with sketch.

Last Answer : i) Focus: The focus is the place beneath the Earth's surface from where an earthquake originates. ii) Epicenter: The point or line on the Earth's surface immediately above the focus ... lines joining points where similar ground motion were experienced they are assessed by examining the damage done.

Description : Define any four types of folds and explain any one.

Last Answer : State any four types of folds and explain any one. Types of Folds: 1. Based on appearance in cross section. i. Anticline fold ii. Syncline fold 2. Based on position of ... unsymmetrical nature. The angle of both limbs may be 600 and 300 with horizontal indicating asymmetrical fold.

Description : Define faults and state any two types of fault.

Last Answer : Fault: It is defined as the rupture / fracture along which there is a relative movement of beds. Types of fault : 1. Based on position of fault plane. i. Normal Fault ii. Reverse Fault 2. Based on ... fault 3. Horst and Graben 4. Step fault 5. Bedding fault 6. Dip fault 7. Strike fault  

Description : Define dip and strike.

Last Answer : Dip – Dip is the angle made by an inclined bed or formation with horizontal plane. Strike – Strike is the line of intersection of an inclined bed or formation with its horizontal projection (Plane) 

Description : Define mineralogy

Last Answer : Mineralogy is that branch of geology, which deals with formation, occurrence, aggregation, properties, and uses of minerals. Mineralogy sometimes itself divided into specific sub-branches such as crystallography, optical mineralogy and descriptive mineralogy and so on. 

Description : Draw the experimental setup of plate load test using gravity loading.

Last Answer : Plate Load Test :- 1.Bearing Plate: - It is either circular or square made up mild steel of not less than 25mm thickness and varying in size from 300 to 750mm with grooved bottom. For clayey soil ... settlement curve is plotted where load intensity is on X axis and Settlement is on Y axis.