Transcription is the process whereby DNA is used as a template to form a complementary RNA strand. This is the first stage of protein production or the flow of information within a cell. DNA stores genetic information, which is then transferred to RNA in transcription, before directing the synthesis of proteins in translation. Three types of RNA can be formed: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Transcription occurs in four stages: pre-initiation, initiation, elongation, and termination.Pre-initiation, or template binding, is initiated by the RNA polymerase σ subunit binding to a promoter region located in the 5’ end of a DNA strand. The DNA strand is denatured, uncoupling the two complementary strands and allowing the template strand to be accessed by the e