Why is the Supreme Court said to be the guardian of the Constitution? -SST 10th

Why is the Supreme Court said to be the guardian of the Constitution? -SST 10th
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 The Supreme Court is known as the guardian of the Constitution as it can issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
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Who is the guardian of Fundamental Rights enumerated in Indian Constitution? (1) Supreme Court (2) Parliament (3) Constitution (4) President

Description : Who is the guardian of Fundamental Rights enumerated in Indian Constitution? (1) Supreme Court (2) Parliament (3) Constitution (4) President

Last Answer : (1) Supreme Court Explanation: The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal as established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. According to the ... India, the role of the Supreme Court is that of a federal court and guardian of the Constitution.

Which of the following statements about the Indian political system is/are correct? (a) The president is both Head of the State and Head of the Government. (b) Parliament is Supreme. (c) The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution. (d) The Directive Principles of State Policy are justiciable. Select the correct answer from the codes given below: (A) (a), (b), (c) and (d) (B) (b), (c) and (d) (C) (b) and (c) (D) (c) only

Description : Which of the following statements about the Indian political system is/are correct? (a) The president is both Head of the State and Head of the Government. (b) Parliament is Supreme. (c) The Supreme Court is the guardian of the ... (d) (B) (b), (c) and (d) (C) (b) and (c) (D) (c) only

Last Answer : Answer: C

How does supreme court play the Guardian of the Fundamental Rights? -SST 10th

Description : How does supreme court play the Guardian of the Fundamental Rights? -SST 10th

Last Answer : The Fundamental Rights are guaranteed by the Constitution against the action of both the Executive as well as Legislature. Any act of the Executive or of the Legislature which takes away or ... Court is thus the protector, and guardian of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed under the Constitution.

The Supreme Court is the Guardian of the Fundamental Rights. -SST 10th

Description : The Supreme Court is the Guardian of the Fundamental Rights. -SST 10th

Last Answer : (i) Habeas Corpus: It literally means to have his body . Habeas Corpus implies that the Supreme Court might issue an order upon a person to produce a prisoner, whom the person has ... or an administrative authority in case they fail to exercise their jurisdiction and fail to perform their duty.

Supreme Court is the guardian for – (1) Fundamental Rights (2) Directive Principles (3) Preamble (4) Centre and State disputes

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Last Answer : (1) Fundamental Rights

How does Supreme Court act as: Custodian of the Constitution? -SST 10th

Description : How does Supreme Court act as: Custodian of the Constitution? -SST 10th

Last Answer : As the custodian of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has been equipped with the power of judicial review to check the arbitrary power of the Executive. Supreme Court can review the laws passed ... No organ of the Government, whether Union or State can violate the provisions of the Constitution.

Which supreme court ruling said that blacks could not become citizens of the United States?

Description : Which supreme court ruling said that blacks could not become citizens of the United States?

Last Answer : The Dred Scott decision

In Buckley v. Valeo, the Supreme Court said that _____ when it ruled that campaign spending is an expression of free speech.?

Description : In Buckley v. Valeo, the Supreme Court said that _____ when it ruled that campaign spending is an expression of free speech.?

Last Answer : "Money is speech"

In Buckley v. Valeo, the Supreme Court said that _____ when it ruled that campaign spending is an expression of free speech.?

Description : In Buckley v. Valeo, the Supreme Court said that _____ when it ruled that campaign spending is an expression of free speech.?

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Does a guardian ad litem have to be court appointed?

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When a state court decides a perpetrator is mentally ill does the state then become the legal guardian of this person?

Description : When a state court decides a perpetrator is mentally ill does the state then become the legal guardian of this person?

Last Answer : Not necessarily. Mental illness does not necessarily mean you can’t make your own decisions.

A minor was facing a criminal prosecution for smuggling drugs. He borrowed Rs. 5000 to hire an advocate to defend him in the court of law. What is the remedy available to the creditor if the minor does not return the money on his own? A. The creditor cannot recover the amount from the minor since a contract with a minor is void ab initio B. The amount of loan can be recovered from minor’s property since it is a loan for necessaries C. The creditor can recover his amount of loan from the minor on his (minor’s) attaining the age of majority D. The creditor can recover his amount from the parent or guardian of the minor

Description : A minor was facing a criminal prosecution for smuggling drugs. He borrowed Rs. 5000 to hire an advocate to defend him in the court of law. What is the remedy available to the creditor if the ... the age of majority D. The creditor can recover his amount from the parent or guardian of the minor

Last Answer : A. The creditor cannot recover the amount from the minor since a contract with a minor is void ab initio

What Understanding the idea of the Constitution as a living document which pair of Supreme Court cases below is the best example of governmental interpretation changing on a single issue?

Description : What Understanding the idea of the Constitution as a living document which pair of Supreme Court cases below is the best example of governmental interpretation changing on a single issue?

Last Answer : Need answer

Which one of the following subjects comes under the common jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Court? (1) Protection of the Fundamental Rights (2) Mutual disputes among the states (3) Disputes between Centre and States (4) Protection from the violation of the Constitution

Description : Which one of the following subjects comes under the common jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Court? (1) Protection of the Fundamental Rights (2) Mutual disputes among the states (3) Disputes between Centre and States (4) Protection from the violation of the Constitution

Last Answer : (1) Protection of the Fundamental Rights Explanation: Protection of fundamental rights comes under the common jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and high court.

In Indian Constitution the power to issue a writ of 'Habeas corpus' is vested only in- (1) The Supreme Court (2) The High Court (3) The Supreme Court and the High Court (4) Lower Courts

Description : In Indian Constitution the power to issue a writ of 'Habeas corpus' is vested only in- (1) The Supreme Court (2) The High Court (3) The Supreme Court and the High Court (4) Lower Courts

Last Answer : (3) The Supreme Court and the High Court Explanation: In Indian constitution, the power to issue a writ of 'Habeas Corpus' is vested only in the Supreme Court and the High Court. A writ ... or into court. The principle of habeas corpus ensures that a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention.

Which of the following is a feature to both the Indian Federation and the American Federation? (1) A single citizenship (2) Dual judiciary (3) Three Lists in the Constitution (4) A Federal Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution

Description : Which of the following is a feature to both the Indian Federation and the American Federation? (1) A single citizenship (2) Dual judiciary (3) Three Lists in the Constitution (4) A Federal Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution

Last Answer : (4) A Federal Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution Explanation: According to the Constitution of India, the role of the Supreme Court is that of a federal court and guardian of the ... and advisory jurisdiction. It functioned until 1950, when the Supreme Court. of India was established.

Which of the following freedoms is not specifically mentioned in the Constitution of India as a Fundamental Right but has been subsequently upheld by the Supreme Court as such? (1) Freedom of trade, occupation and business (2) Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country (3) Freedom of association and union (4) Freedom of the press

Description : Which of the following freedoms is not specifically mentioned in the Constitution of India as a Fundamental Right but has been subsequently upheld by the Supreme Court as such? (1) Freedom of trade, occupation ... any part of the country (3) Freedom of association and union (4) Freedom of the press

Last Answer : (4) Freedom of the press Explanation: The constitution of India does not specifically mention the freedom of press. Freedom of press is implied from the Article 19(1) (1) of the Constitution.

The Supreme Court has held that hoisting the National flag atop the private buildings is a fundamental right of every citizen under - (1) Article 14 of the Constitution (2) Article 19(1) (1) of the Constitution (3) Article 21 of the Constitution (4) Article 25 of the Constitution

Description : The Supreme Court has held that hoisting the National flag atop the private buildings is a fundamental right of every citizen under - (1) Article 14 of the Constitution (2) Article 19(1) (1) of the Constitution (3) Article 21 of the Constitution (4) Article 25 of the Constitution

Last Answer : (2) Article 19(1) (1) of the Constitution Explanation: The Supreme Court has held that hoisting the National flag atop the Private buildings is a fundamental right of every citizen under Article 19 (1) (1) of the constitution.

How can the number of judges in the Supreme Court in India be increased? (1) Representation from the Supreme Court (2) By amendment of the Constitution (3) By a Parliamentary Act (4) By Presidential notification

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Last Answer : (2) By amendment of the Constitution Explanation: By amendment of constitution number of judges in the Supreme Court in India be increased.

Which is not a correct statement? The Supreme Court: (1) is a watch-dog of citizen's liberty (2) settles electoral disputes of the President and Vice-President of India (3) interprets the Constitution (4) protects the Directive Principles of State Policy

Description : Which is not a correct statement? The Supreme Court: (1) is a watch-dog of citizen's liberty (2) settles electoral disputes of the President and Vice-President of India (3) interprets the Constitution (4) protects the Directive Principles of State Policy

Last Answer : (4) protects the Directive Principles of State Policy Explanation: The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines/ principles given to the central and state governments of India, to be kept in ... , contained in Part IV of the Constitution of India, are not enforceable by any court.

In the following cases, the Supreme Court has no adjudicatory jurisdiction to change the award - (1) Inter state river water disputes (2) Delimitation of constitution (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) Neither (1) nor (2)

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Last Answer : (3) Both (1) and (b) Explanation: The Supreme Court has no adjudicatory jurisdiction to change the award in the case of interstate river water disputes and delimitation of constitution.

On which of the following grounds can a judge of the Supreme Court be impeached? (1) Violation of constitution (2) Proved misbehaviors (3) Incapacity to act as a judge (4) (2) & (3) both

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Last Answer : (4) (2) & (3) both Explanation: A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed under the Constitution only on grounds of proven misconduct or incapacity and by an order of the President of India, after ... Sabha (Council of the States) is passed by a two-third majority in each House of the Parliament.

Under which law it is prescribed that all proceedings in the Supreme Court of India shall be in English language? (1) The Supreme Court Rules, 1966 (2) A Legislation made by the Parliament (3) Article 145 of the Constitution of India (4) Article 348 of the Constitution of India

Description : Under which law it is prescribed that all proceedings in the Supreme Court of India shall be in English language? (1) The Supreme Court Rules, 1966 (2) A Legislation made by the Parliament (3) Article 145 of the Constitution of India (4) Article 348 of the Constitution of India

Last Answer : (4) Article 348 of the Constitution of India Explanation: Article 348 of Indian Constitution mentions the language to be used in Supreme Court and the High Courts. According to the article 348, the language of all proceedings in the Supreme court and in every high court shall be English.

What does the "Judicial Review" function of the Supreme Court mean? (1) Review its own judgement (2) Review the functioning of judiciary in the country (3) Examine the constitutional validity of the laws (4) Undertake periodic review of the Constitution

Description : What does the "Judicial Review" function of the Supreme Court mean? (1) Review its own judgement (2) Review the functioning of judiciary in the country (3) Examine the constitutional validity of the laws (4) Undertake periodic review of the Constitution

Last Answer : (3) Examine the constitutional validity of the laws Explanation: The Supreme Court has been given the power to decide whether a law passed by the Parliament or the State legislatures and the executive ... such a law or executive decision is found unconstitutional, then it can declare it as invalid.

Under the Constitution, the power to issue a writ of Habeas Corpus is vested in – (1) High Courts alone (2) Supreme Court alone (3) Both Supreme Court and High Courts (4) All Courts down to the District Courts

Description : Under the Constitution, the power to issue a writ of Habeas Corpus is vested in – (1) High Courts alone (2) Supreme Court alone (3) Both Supreme Court and High Courts (4) All Courts down to the District Courts

Last Answer : (3) Both Supreme Court and High Courts Explanation: Indian Constitution has adopted 5 Prerogative writs. Article 13 clearly states that Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights ... to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights against any authority of the State.

Which one among the following is not a characteristic of a federal system? (1) There are two distinct levels of government (2) The responsibilities and powers of each level of government are clearly defined in a written Constitution (3) There is no separation of powers between the legislative and executive branches of government (4) A Supreme Court is entrusted with the responsibility of interpreting these provisions and arbitrating in matters of dispute

Description : Which one among the following is not a characteristic of a federal system? (1) There are two distinct levels of government (2) The responsibilities and powers of each level of ... Court is entrusted with the responsibility of interpreting these provisions and arbitrating in matters of dispute

Last Answer : (3) There is no separation of powers between the legislative and executive branches of government Explanation: One of the features of the federal system is the distribution of power ... importance. Both federal and state governments functioning strictly within the sphere demarcated for them.

Which of the following comes under the jurisdiction of both the High Court and the Supreme Court? (1) Disputes between the states inter se (2) Protection against the violation of the Constitution (3) Protection of Fundamental Rights (4) Disputes between Centre and the States

Description : Which of the following comes under the jurisdiction of both the High Court and the Supreme Court? (1) Disputes between the states inter se (2) Protection against the violation of the Constitution (3) Protection of Fundamental Rights (4) Disputes between Centre and the States

Last Answer : (3) Protection of Fundamental Rights Explanation: Article 32 of the Indian Constitution confers the Right to Constitutional Remedies for the protection of Fundamental Rights contained in Part III, It states ... may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part.

Point out which from the following is not a right enumerated in the Constitution of India but has been articulated by the Supreme Court to be a Fundamental Right. (1) Right to privacy (2) Equality before law (3) Abolition of untouchablity (4) Right to form associations or unions

Description : Point out which from the following is not a right enumerated in the Constitution of India but has been articulated by the Supreme Court to be a Fundamental Right. (1) Right to privacy (2) Equality before law (3) Abolition of untouchablity (4) Right to form associations or unions

Last Answer : (1) Right to privacy Explanation: Judicial activism has brought the Right to Privacy within the realm of Fundamental Rights. The Supreme Court of India has construed "right to privacy" as a part of ... conceive to be their duty must strictly and scrupulously observe the forms and rules of the law".

Impeachment Proceedings against the President for violation of the Constitution can be intiated in : (1) Either House of Parliament (2) The Lok Sabha (3) The Rajya Sabha (4) The Supreme Court

Description : Impeachment Proceedings against the President for violation of the Constitution can be intiated in : (1) Either House of Parliament (2) The Lok Sabha (3) The Rajya Sabha (4) The Supreme Court

Last Answer : (1) Either House of Parliament Explanation ; According to Article 61 of Indian Constitution, when a President is to be impeached for violation of the Constitution, the charge shall be preferred by either ... passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House.

Which Institution has the final authority to interpret the Constitution of India? (1) Parliament (2) Supreme Court of India (3) President (4) Attorney General of India

Description : Which Institution has the final authority to interpret the Constitution of India? (1) Parliament (2) Supreme Court of India (3) President (4) Attorney General of India

Last Answer : (2) Supreme Court of India Explanation: The Supreme Court is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national ... the final authority whether amendment violates or infringes upon the basic structure of the constitution.

The Indian Constitution provides for the appointment of Adhoc judges in: (1) Supreme Court (2) High Court (3) District and Session Court (4) All of these

Description : The Indian Constitution provides for the appointment of Adhoc judges in: (1) Supreme Court (2) High Court (3) District and Session Court (4) All of these

Last Answer : (1) Supreme Court Explanation: The Indian Constitution provides for the appointment of Ad hoc judge in supreme court. A Judge of a High Court duly qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief Justice of India.

Who has the right under the Constitution to seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on Question of law? (1) President (2) Any High Court (3) Prime Minister (4) All the above

Description : Who has the right under the Constitution to seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on Question of law? (1) President (2) Any High Court (3) Prime Minister (4) All the above

Last Answer : (1) President Explanation: President can seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on the question of law or fact which has arisen or is likely to arise of such nature. Article 143 of the Constitution of India directs it as a duty upon the Supreme Court to advise the President on such matter.

Who is the custodian of Indian Constitution? (1) President (2) Parliament (3) Council Court (4) Supreme Court

Description : Who is the custodian of Indian Constitution? (1) President (2) Parliament (3) Council Court (4) Supreme Court

Last Answer : (4) Supreme Court Explanation: The Supreme Court of India is regarded as the guardian of the Constitution. It is the Supreme or final interpreter of the Constitution. The interpretation of the Constitution ... . Council court is a legislative body of Local bodies, i.e. Bar council of India.

Which article of the Indian Constitution empowers the president to consult the Supreme Court? (1) Article 129 (2) Article 132 (3) Article 143 (4) Article 32

Description : Which article of the Indian Constitution empowers the president to consult the Supreme Court? (1) Article 129 (2) Article 132 (3) Article 143 (4) Article 32

Last Answer : (3) Article 143 Explanation: Article 143 provides power of President to consult Supreme Court. Article 129 refers Supreme Court to be a court of record.

Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court is mentioned in which of the following articles of Indian Constitution? (1) Article 131 (2) Article 132 (3) Article 143 (4) Article 148

Description : Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court is mentioned in which of the following articles of Indian Constitution? (1) Article 131 (2) Article 132 (3) Article 143 (4) Article 148

Last Answer : (3) Article 143 Explanation: Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court is mentioned in Article 131 of the Indian Constitution. The Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of any other court, have ... 132 deals for appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Court in certain cases.

The source of authority of the Indian Constitution is: (1) The Supreme Court (2) The Government (3) The People of India (4) The President

Description : The source of authority of the Indian Constitution is: (1) The Supreme Court (2) The Government (3) The People of India (4) The President

Last Answer : (3) The People of India Explanation: The preamble of the Indian Constitution mentions that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India. The words in the preamble-"We, the ... the ultimate sovereignty of the people of India and that the constitution rests on their authority.

Which article of Indian Constitution provides an advisory jurisdiction to the Supreme Court? (1) Article 129 (2) Article 132 (3) Article 143 (4) Article 32

Description : Which article of Indian Constitution provides an advisory jurisdiction to the Supreme Court? (1) Article 129 (2) Article 132 (3) Article 143 (4) Article 32

Last Answer : (3) Article 143 Explanation: Article 143 of Indian Constitution provides an advisory jurisdiction to the Supreme Court.

Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court is mentioned in which of the following articles of Indian Constitution? (1) Article 131 (2) Article 132 (3) Article 143 (4) Article 148

Description : Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court is mentioned in which of the following articles of Indian Constitution? (1) Article 131 (2) Article 132 (3) Article 143 (4) Article 148

Last Answer : (1) Article 131 Explanation: Article 131 of the Constitution of India deals with the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India.

Which article of the Constitution permits the Supreme Court to review its own judgement or order? (1) (1) Article 137 (2) (2) Article 138 (3) Article 139 (4) Article 140

Description : Which article of the Constitution permits the Supreme Court to review its own judgement or order? (1) (1) Article 137 (2) (2) Article 138 (3) Article 139 (4) Article 140

Last Answer : (1) Article 137 Explanation: Article 137 of the constitution permits the Supreme Court to review its own judgment or order. Article 137 of the Constitution provides that subject to provisions of any law and ... Court of India has the power to review any judgement pronounced (or order madc) by it.

According to the Indian Constitution, the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the – (1) President of India (2) Prime Minister of India (3) Parliament (4) Supreme Court

Description : According to the Indian Constitution, the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the – (1) President of India (2) Prime Minister of India (3) Parliament (4) Supreme Court

Last Answer : (1) President of India Explanation: The Indian Constitution, vests in the President of India, all the executive powers of the Central Government. The President appoints the Prime Minister, the person most ... . In practice, however, the Council of Ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha.

The Basic Structure of our Constitution was proclaimed by the Supreme Court in – (1) Keshvananda Bharati Case (2) Golak Nath Case (3) Minerva Mills Case (4) Gopalan Case

Description : The Basic Structure of our Constitution was proclaimed by the Supreme Court in – (1) Keshvananda Bharati Case (2) Golak Nath Case (3) Minerva Mills Case (4) Gopalan Case

Last Answer : (1) Keshvananda Bharati Case Explanation: The basic structure doctrine was first articulated by Justice Hans Raj Khanna in the landmark decision of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (case ... the power to destroy or emasculate the basic elements or fundamental features of the constitution.

The minimum number of Judges of the Supreme Court required for hearing any case involving interpretation of the Constitution is (1) ten (2) nine (3) seven (4) five

Description : The minimum number of Judges of the Supreme Court required for hearing any case involving interpretation of the Constitution is (1) ten (2) nine (3) seven (4) five

Last Answer : (4) five Explanation: Minimum five Judges of the Supreme Court are required for hearing any case involving interpretation of the Constitution or for the purpose of hearing any reference to it.

Under which Article of the Constitution can an individual move to the Supreme Court directly in case of any violation of Fundamental Rights? (1) Article 32 (2) Article 28 (3) Article 29 (4) Article 31

Description : Under which Article of the Constitution can an individual move to the Supreme Court directly in case of any violation of Fundamental Rights? (1) Article 32 (2) Article 28 (3) Article 29 (4) Article 31

Last Answer : (1) Article 32 Explanation: Right to constitutional remedies under Article 32 of the Indian Constitution empowers the citizens to move a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental ... issue various kinds of writs such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari.

The Supreme Court of India was set up: (1) By the Constitution (2) By a law of Parliament (3) By a Presidential Order (4) By the Act of 1947

Description : The Supreme Court of India was set up: (1) By the Constitution (2) By a law of Parliament (3) By a Presidential Order (4) By the Act of 1947

Last Answer : (1) By the Constitution Explanation: As originally enacted, the Constitution of India provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and seven lowerranking Judges - leaving it to Indian ... more (referred to as Constitutional Bench) only when required to settle fundamental questions of law.

What is the number of Judges (including Chief Justice) in the Supreme Court of India as provided in the Constitution of India? (1) 20 (2) 24 (3) 34 (4) 28

Description : What is the number of Judges (including Chief Justice) in the Supreme Court of India as provided in the Constitution of India? (1) 20 (2) 24 (3) 34 (4) 28

Last Answer : (3) 34 Explanation: There are currently 33 judges (including the Chief Justice of India) and maximum possible strength is 34. As per the Constitution of India, judges of the Supreme Court retire at age of 65.

Which article of the Constitution permits the Supreme Court to review its own judgment or order? (1) Article 137 (2) Article 130 (3) Article 139 (4) Article 138

Description : Which article of the Constitution permits the Supreme Court to review its own judgment or order? (1) Article 137 (2) Article 130 (3) Article 139 (4) Article 138

Last Answer : (1) Article 137 Explanation: Article 137 of the Constitution permits the Supreme Court to review its own judgement or order. Article 130 deals, with seat of supreme court. Article 138 ... court mentioned. Article 139 refers conferment on the supreme court of powers to issue certain writs.

Who is the final authority to interpret the Constitution? (1) The President (2) The Parliament (3) The Lok Sabha (4) The Supreme Court

Description : Who is the final authority to interpret the Constitution? (1) The President (2) The Parliament (3) The Lok Sabha (4) The Supreme Court

Last Answer : (4) The Supreme Court Explanation: The Supreme Court of India is regarded as the guardian of the Constitution. It is the Supreme or final interpreter of the Constitution. The interpretation of the Constitution given by the Supreme Court is to be respected.

Under which of the following articles of indian constitution, the verdict of central administrative tribunal can be challenged in supreme court

Description : Under which of the following articles of indian constitution, the verdict of central administrative tribunal can be challenged in supreme court

Last Answer : 323 A

Mark the correct option relating to competent authority means:- a) The president or the governor in case of constituted by or under the constitution b) Speaker in case of house of people c) The chief justice of high court in case of a high court d) Chief justice of India in case of supreme court e) All the above

Description : Mark the correct option relating to competent authority means:- a) The president or the governor in case of constituted by or under the constitution b) Speaker in case of house of people c) The chief justice ... of a high court d) Chief justice of India in case of supreme court e) All the above

Last Answer : e) All the above