(i) Novels written by Dhanpat Rai or Prem Chand were the clear picture of the reforms. (ii) In the Kannad novel, Indirabai the heroine is given away in marriage very early, but her husband dies soon leaving her to struggle on her own against poverty and face indignities. Indirabai continues her education, remarries and this time gets a progressive, English educated man. (iii) ‘Indulekha’—shows the discrimination in caste hierarchy. (iv) Potheri Kunjambu’s novel ‘Saraswativijayam’ was an attack on caste oppression.