(i) Family In the 18th century: In the 18th century, (under proto- industralisation) the family had been a unit of production and consumption as well as of political decision making (ii) Family under industrialisation: Ties between members of households loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down. Women of the upper and middle daises in Britain, on Use other hand, fared increasingly higher levels of isolation, although their Lives were made easier by domestic maids who cooked, cleaned and cared for young children on low wages. (iii) Individualism: The city no doubt encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the smaller rural communities (iv) Family and role of women: Men and women did not have equal access to this new urban space As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed again?: their presence in public spaces women were forced to withdraw into their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women Most political movements of the nineteenth centuiy. such as Chartism (a movement demanding the vote for all adult males) and the 10-hour movement (limiting hours of work in factories), mobilised large number of men Only gradually did women come to participate in political movements for suffrage that demanded the right to vote for women or for named women’s right to property. (v) Family and market: By the 20th century family now consisted of much smaller units but it became the heart of new market of goods and services and of ideas.