Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS):- A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is defined as it is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system.
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A Flexible AC transmission System refers to the system consisting of power electronic devices along with power system devices to enhance the controllability and stability of the transmission system and increase the power transfer capabilities.
D-types facts controller:
*Series Controllers: Series Controllers consists of capacitors or reactors which introduce voltage in series with the line. They are basically variable impedance devices. Their major task is to reduce the inductivity of the transmission line. They supply or consume variable reactive power. Examples of series controllers are SSSC, TCSC, TSSC etc.
* Shunt Controllers: Shunt controllers consist of variable impedance devices like capacitors or reactors which introduce current in series with the line. Their major task is to reduce the capacitivity of the transmission line. The injected current is in phase with the line voltage. Examples of shunt controllers are STATCOM, TSR, TSC, SVC.
* Shunt-Series Controllers: These controllers introduce current in series using the series controllers and voltage in shunt using the shunt controllers. Example is UPFC.
* Series-Series Controllers: These controllers consist of a combination of series controllers with each controller providing series compensation and also the transfer real power along the line. Example is IPFC.
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1. Shunt compensation In shunt compensation, power system is connected in shunt (parallel) with the FACTS. It works as a controllable current source. Shunt compensation is of two types:
2. Shunt capacitive compensation This method is used to improve the power factor. Whenever an inductive load is connected to the transmission line, power factor lags because of lagging load current. To compensate, a shunt capacitor is connected which draws current leading the source voltage. The net result is improvement in power factor.
3. Shunt inductive compensation This method is used either when charging the transmission line, or, when there is very low load at the receiving end. Due to very low, or no load – very low current flows through the transmission line. Shunt capacitance in the transmission line causes voltage amplification (Ferranti effect). The receiving end voltage may become double the sending end voltage (generally in case of very long transmission lines). To compensate, shunt inductors are connected across the transmission line. The power transfer capability is thereby increased depending upon the power equation
4. Series compensation FACTS for series compensation modify line impedance: X is decreased so as to increase the transmittable active power. However, more reactive power must be provided.