The Parliamentary form of Government was first introduced in which country? (1) Great Britain (UK) (2) Belgium (3) France (4) Switzerland

The Parliamentary form of Government was first introduced in which country? (1) Great Britain (UK) (2) Belgium (3) France (4) Switzerland
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(3) France Explanation: The parliamentary form of government was first introduced in France. The President of France was among the different styles of President, Semi-President and Parliamentary systems
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The Parliamentary form of Government was first introduced in which country? (1) Great Britain (UK) (2) Belgium (3) France (4) Switzerland

Description : The Parliamentary form of Government was first introduced in which country? (1) Great Britain (UK) (2) Belgium (3) France (4) Switzerland

Last Answer : (3) France Explanation: France was the first country to introduce the parliamentary form of government.

The concept of "Rule of Law" is a special feature of constitutional system of – (1) Britain (2) U.S.A. (3) France (4) Switzerland

Description : The concept of "Rule of Law" is a special feature of constitutional system of – (1) Britain (2) U.S.A. (3) France (4) Switzerland

Last Answer : (1) Britain Explanation: The Rule of Law is an aspect of the British Constitution that has been emphasised by A V Dicey and it, therefore, can be considered an important part of British Politics. It ... a breach of law; and everyone, regardless of your position in society, is subject to the law.

Which of the following countries has introduced "direct democracy"? (1) Russia (2) India (3) France (4) Switzerland

Description : Which of the following countries has introduced "direct democracy"? (1) Russia (2) India (3) France (4) Switzerland

Last Answer : (4) Switzerland Explanation: Direct democracy is a form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly, as opposed to a representative democracy in which people vote for representatives who ... a law adopted by the elected legislature (one nation to use this system is Switzerland).

The idea of parliamentary form of government is adapted from - (1) US (2) UK (3) Ireland (4) USSR

Description : The idea of parliamentary form of government is adapted from - (1) US (2) UK (3) Ireland (4) USSR

Last Answer : (2) UK Explanation: The Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary form of government, both at the Centre and in the states that has been borrowed from the United Kingdom. The ... or responsible government or Westminster model of government and is prevalent in Japan, Canada, among others.

The concept of 'Right of service' originated in — (1) The United States of America (2) Switzerland (3) Great Britain (4) China

Description : The concept of 'Right of service' originated in — (1) The United States of America (2) Switzerland (3) Great Britain (4) China

Last Answer : (3) Great Britain Explanation: The concept of `Right of Service' originated in Great Britain.

Treaty of Ghent ended War of 1812 between USA and: (a) France (b) Great Britain (c) Belgium

Description : Treaty of Ghent ended War of 1812 between USA and: (a) France (b) Great Britain (c) Belgium

Last Answer : b) Great Britain

The parliamentary system of Government in India is based on the pattern of parliamentary government: a. Canada b. Germany c. Britain d. France

Description : The parliamentary system of Government in India is based on the pattern of parliamentary government: a. Canada b. Germany c. Britain d. France

Last Answer : c. Britain

From the Constitution of which country the provision of Federation was borrowed while framing the Constitution of India? (1) USA (2) UK (3) Canada (4) Switzerland

Description : From the Constitution of which country the provision of Federation was borrowed while framing the Constitution of India? (1) USA (2) UK (3) Canada (4) Switzerland

Last Answer : (3) Canada Explanation: Though the basic features of Indian Constitution are based on the Government of India Act, 1935, it has many features which were borrowed from many foreign constitutions. It ... of government (a federal system with a strong central government) and the idea of Residual Powers.

The concept of Constitution first originated in – (1) Switzerland (2) Britain (3) U.S.A. (4) Japan

Description : The concept of Constitution first originated in – (1) Switzerland (2) Britain (3) U.S.A. (4) Japan

Last Answer : (2) Britain Explanation: England is treated as the place where the constitutional concept germinated, though the ancient Greek and Roman Republics, too, had such a facility. In England, Henry Fs proclamation of ... , outlaw, exile or kill anyone at a whim there must be due process of law first.

Parliamentary Supremacy is the definite feature of the political system in (1) UK (3) Canada (2) India (4) Australia

Description : Parliamentary Supremacy is the definite feature of the political system in (1) UK (3) Canada (2) India (4) Australia

Last Answer : (1) UK Explanation: 'Parliamentary Supremacy' is the definite feature of the political system in U.K.

The method of amending the Constitution by popular veto is found In – (1) Britain (2) Switzerland (3) Russia (4) India

Description : The method of amending the Constitution by popular veto is found In – (1) Britain (2) Switzerland (3) Russia (4) India

Last Answer : (2) Switzerland Explanation: Switzerland has made provisions for referendums or popular votes on laws and constitutional decrees or issues on which citizens are asked to approve or reject by a yes ... to amend a constitutional article, or even to introduce a new article into the constitution.

Which innovative discussion process is introduced by the Indian parliament to the World Parliamentary systems? (1) Question hour (2) Zero hour (3) Resolutions (4) Presidential Speech

Description : Which innovative discussion process is introduced by the Indian parliament to the World Parliamentary systems? (1) Question hour (2) Zero hour (3) Resolutions (4) Presidential Speech

Last Answer : (2) Zero hour Explanation: Zero Hour is the Indian innovation in the field of parliamentary procedures and has been in existence since 1962. It is called so because it begins at 12.00 ... of procedure. During zero hour, questions are asked about issues of public importance without prior permission.

When was zero hour introduced in the parliamentary affairs in India? (1) 1952 (2) 1962 (3) 1972 (4) 1982

Description : When was zero hour introduced in the parliamentary affairs in India? (1) 1952 (2) 1962 (3) 1972 (4) 1982

Last Answer : (2) 1962 Explanation: Zero Hour in Parliament starts at 12 noon during which members raise matters of importance, especially those that cannot be delayed. Zero Hour is the ... issues of public importance without prior permission. These questions are usually directed against individual ministers.

Proportional representation is NOT necessary in a country where? (1) There are no reserved constituencies. (2) A two-party system has developed (3) The first past-post system prevails (4) There is a fusion of presidential and parliamentary form of government.

Description : Proportional representation is NOT necessary in a country where? (1) There are no reserved constituencies. (2) A two-party system has developed (3) The first past-post system prevails (4) There is a fusion of presidential and parliamentary form of government.

Last Answer : (2) A two-party system has developed Explanation: In proportional representation, a candidate requires 50% + 1 vote to get elected. In a bieparty system, one automatically secures it. Proportional ... seats won by a party or group of candidates is proportionate to the number of votes received.

Origin of Merino sheep is a. France b. Spain c. Switzerland d. UK

Description : Origin of Merino sheep is a. France b. Spain c. Switzerland d. UK

Last Answer : b. Spain

In which country Financial Legislation is introduced in the Upper House of the Legislature? (1) Australia (2) France (3) Japan (4) Germany

Description : In which country Financial Legislation is introduced in the Upper House of the Legislature? (1) Australia (2) France (3) Japan (4) Germany

Last Answer : (4) Germany Explanation: In Germany, financial legislation is treated as ordinary legislation and is thus introduced in the upper house. Aside from this there are only three countries ... houses simultaneously, and Italy and Switzerland where the chambers have equal powers over all legislation.

The idea of Lokpal is taken from – (1) Britain (2) America (3) Scandinavian Countries (4) France

Description : The idea of Lokpal is taken from – (1) Britain (2) America (3) Scandinavian Countries (4) France

Last Answer : (3) Scandinavian Countries Explanation: A Lokpal is a proposed ombudsman in India. The office of ombudsman is a Scandinavian institution that has received much attention in recent years. The concept of an ... the other Scandinavian countries such as Finland (1919), Denmark (1953), and Norway (1962).

The phrase equality before law used in Article 14 of Indian Constitution has been borrowed from the Constitution of - (1) Britain (2) USA (3) France (4) Canada

Description : The phrase equality before law used in Article 14 of Indian Constitution has been borrowed from the Constitution of - (1) Britain (2) USA (3) France (4) Canada

Last Answer : (1) Britain Explanation: The phrase equality before law of Indian Constitution has been borrowed from Britain. The term Republic and the idea of liberty, equality and fraternity in the preamble was borrowed from constitution of France.

'Shadow Cabinet' is the feature of Administrative system of : (1) Britain (2) USA (3) France (4) Japan

Description : 'Shadow Cabinet' is the feature of Administrative system of : (1) Britain (2) USA (3) France (4) Japan

Last Answer : (1) Britain Explanation: The Shadow Cabinet is a feature of the Westminster (British) system of government. It comprises a senior group of opposition spokespeople who, under the leadership of the ... that of the government, and whose members shadow or mark each individual member of the Cabinet.

The world’s largest and deepest rail tunnel Gotthard Base Tunnel is located in which country’? (1) Belgium (2) Austria (3) Switzerland (4) Sweden

Description : The world’s largest and deepest rail tunnel Gotthard Base Tunnel is located in which country’? (1) Belgium (2) Austria (3) Switzerland (4) Sweden

Last Answer : (3) Switzerland Explanation: The Gotthard Base Tunnelis a railway base tunnel through the Alps in Switzerland. It opened on 1 June 2016, and full service began on 11 December 2016.With a route length of 57.09 km, it is the world’s longest and deepest traffic tunnel and the first flat, low

Which country is known as the “Cockpit of Europe”? (1) Belgium (2) Switzerland (3) Netherlands (4) Luxembourg

Description : Which country is known as the “Cockpit of Europe”? (1) Belgium (2) Switzerland (3) Netherlands (4) Luxembourg

Last Answer : (1) Belgium Explanation: Belgium is usually called as the cockpit of Europe. Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. Belgium is so called because it has ... other country; for example, Oudenarde, Ramillies, Fontenoy, Fleurus. Jemmapes, Ligny. Quatre Bras, Waterloo.

The World's largest and deepest rail tunnel Gotthard Base Tunnel is located in which country? (1) Belgium (2) Austria (3) Switzerland (4) Sweden

Description : The World's largest and deepest rail tunnel Gotthard Base Tunnel is located in which country? (1) Belgium (2) Austria (3) Switzerland (4) Sweden

Last Answer : (3) Switzerland Explanation: The Gotthard Base Tunnel is a railway tunnel of 57.09 km passing through the Alps mountains in Switzerland. It is world's longest and deepest traffic tunnel.

Which country is known as the “Cockpit of Europe” ? (1) Belgium (2) Switzerland (3) Netherlands(4) Luxembourg

Description : Which country is known as the “Cockpit of Europe” ? (1) Belgium (2) Switzerland (3) Netherlands(4) Luxembourg

Last Answer : Belgium

The world’s largest and deepest rail tunnel Gotthard Base Tunnel is located in which country? (1) Belgium (2) Austria (3) Switzerland(4) Sweden

Description : The world’s largest and deepest rail tunnel Gotthard Base Tunnel is located in which country? (1) Belgium (2) Austria (3) Switzerland(4) Sweden

Last Answer : Switzerland

In the Parliamentary form of Government "He is the first among equal". Who is he? (1) President (2) Prime Minister (3) Leader of Opposition (4) Speaker of lower house

Description : In the Parliamentary form of Government "He is the first among equal". Who is he? (1) President (2) Prime Minister (3) Leader of Opposition (4) Speaker of lower house

Last Answer : (2) Prime Minister Explanation: Primus inter pares (the first among equals or first among peers) is a Latin phrase describing the most senior person of a group sharing the same rank or office. The Prime ... means that even though all members of the Cabinet are equal, he or she is the most powerful.

The convention that "once a speaker always a speaker" is followed in – (1) UK (2) USA (3) France (4) India

Description : The convention that "once a speaker always a speaker" is followed in – (1) UK (2) USA (3) France (4) India

Last Answer : (1) UK Explanation: The British Speaker is elected at the beginning of the Parliament by and from among the members of the House of Commons. If the Speaker of outgoing Parliament is still a member of the ... by the house. So in Great Britain there goes a saying, "Once a speaker always a speaker."

Which one of the following is not a part of the 'basic structure' of the Indian Constitution? (1) Rule of law (2) Secularism (3) Republican form of government (4) Parliamentary form of government

Description : Which one of the following is not a part of the 'basic structure' of the Indian Constitution? (1) Rule of law (2) Secularism (3) Republican form of government (4) Parliamentary form of government

Last Answer : (3) Republican form of government Explanation: Republican form of government is not a part of the 'basic structure' of Indian Constitution. India is a Democratic-republic country. Parliamentary form of government means Prime Minister is the head of the council of ministers.

The main advantage of the parliamentary form of government is that (1) the executive and legislature work independently. (2) it provides continuity of policy and is more efficient. (3) the executive remains responsible to the legislature. (4) the head of the government cannot be changed without election.

Description : The main advantage of the parliamentary form of government is that (1) the executive and legislature work independently. (2) it provides continuity of policy and is more efficient. (3) the ... responsible to the legislature. (4) the head of the government cannot be changed without election.

Last Answer : (3) the executive remains responsible to the legislature. Explanation: New NCERT, Std. 11, Introduction to Indian Constitution, page 91: Parliamentary system is also known as Cabinet Government. It provides for collective responsibility of the executive to the legislature. Hence answer "C".

In a Parliamentary form of Government – (1) The Legislature is responsible to the Judiciary (2) The Executive is responsible to the Legislature (3) The Legislature is responsible to the Executive (4) The Judiciary is responsible to the Legislature

Description : In a Parliamentary form of Government – (1) The Legislature is responsible to the Judiciary (2) The Executive is responsible to the Legislature (3) The Legislature is responsible to the Executive (4) The Judiciary is responsible to the Legislature

Last Answer : (2) The Executive is responsible to the Legislature Explanation: A parliamentary system is a system of democratic crovernance of a state where the executive branch 6 derives its democratic legitimacy ... , the head of government is the prime minister. India has parliamentary form of government.

Usually a big difference is seen in theory and practice in – (1) Presidential form of Government (2) Fascist type of Government (3) Parliamentary form of Government (4) Socialist type of Govcrnrnentc

Description : Usually a big difference is seen in theory and practice in – (1) Presidential form of Government (2) Fascist type of Government (3) Parliamentary form of Government (4) Socialist type of Govcrnrnentc

Last Answer : (4) Socialist type of Govcrnrnentc Explanation: Socialism is a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of ... in terms of poverty and unemployment. Besides, socialist Governments ultimately turned into absolutist governments.

Stability of the Government is assured in – (1) Parliamentary Form of Government. (2) Presidential Form of Government. (3) Plural Executive System (4) Direction Democracy

Description : Stability of the Government is assured in – (1) Parliamentary Form of Government. (2) Presidential Form of Government. (3) Plural Executive System (4) Direction Democracy

Last Answer : b - (2) Presidential Form of Government. Explanation: The presidential system has several advantages. As the President is selected separately from the Legislature, the President and Executive branch are not ... more effective set of checks-and-balances to be placed on both branches by the other.

Which one of the following statements about the Parliament of India is NOT correct? (1) The Constitution provides for a Parliamentary form of Government (2) The foremost function of the Parliament is to provide a Cabinet (3) The membership of the Cabinet is restricted to the Lower House (4) The Cabinet has to enjoy the confidence of the majority in the popular Chamber.

Description : Which one of the following statements about the Parliament of India is NOT correct? (1) The Constitution provides for a Parliamentary form of Government (2) The foremost function of the Parliament is to ... House (4) The Cabinet has to enjoy the confidence of the majority in the popular Chamber.

Last Answer : (3) The membership of the Cabinet is restricted to the Lower House.

One of the important attributes of Parliamentary form of government is – (1) Fixed tenure for the executive (2) Executive is answerable to the people (3) Executive is separate from the legislature (4) Collective responsibility of Council of Ministers to the Parliament

Description : One of the important attributes of Parliamentary form of government is – (1) Fixed tenure for the executive (2) Executive is answerable to the people (3) Executive is separate from the legislature (4) Collective responsibility of Council of Ministers to the Parliament

Last Answer : (4) Collective responsibility of Council of Ministers to the Parliament Explanation: the Parliamentary form of government, the Parliament is supreme, and the governments, comprised of some ... Individual Responsibility of each Minister; Collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers, etc.

Which one of the following statements about the Parliament of India is not correct? (1) The Constitution provides for a parliamentary form of government (2) The foremost function of the parliament is to provide a cabinet (3) The membership of the cabinet is restricted to the lower house (4) The cabinet has to enjoy the confidence of the majority in the popular chamber

Description : Which one of the following statements about the Parliament of India is not correct? (1) The Constitution provides for a parliamentary form of government (2) The foremost function of the parliament is ... lower house (4) The cabinet has to enjoy the confidence of the majority in the popular chamber

Last Answer : (3) The membership of the cabinet is restricted to the lower house Explanation: The membership of the cabinet is for both upper house and tower house.

Which of the following is not a feature of Indian Constitution? (1) Parliamentary form of Government (2) independence of Judiciary (3) Presidential form of Government (4) Federal Government

Description : Which of the following is not a feature of Indian Constitution? (1) Parliamentary form of Government (2) independence of Judiciary (3) Presidential form of Government (4) Federal Government

Last Answer : (3) Presidential form of Government Explanation: 'Presidential Form of Government' is not a feature of Indian Constitution.

Parliamentary form of Government is also known as : (1) Responsive Government (2) Responsible Governmeat (3) Federal Government (4) Presidential Government

Description : Parliamentary form of Government is also known as : (1) Responsive Government (2) Responsible Governmeat (3) Federal Government (4) Presidential Government

Last Answer : (2) Responsible Governmeat Explanation: Responsible government is a conception of a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability, the foundation of the Westminster system ... is more numerous, directly elected and thus more representative than the upper house.

Dual citizenship is an important feature in which form of government? (1) Parliamentary (2) Federal (3) Unitary (4) Authoritarian

Description : Dual citizenship is an important feature in which form of government? (1) Parliamentary (2) Federal (3) Unitary (4) Authoritarian

Last Answer : (2) Federal Explanation: It is a feature of federal government. Under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the ... , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they are deemed to reside.

Which of the following countries enjoys a federal form of government? (1) China (2) USA (3) Cuba (4) Belgium

Description : Which of the following countries enjoys a federal form of government? (1) China (2) USA (3) Cuba (4) Belgium

Last Answer : (2) USA Explanation: Based on a broad definition of a basic federal political system, there are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and govern through ... the authority granted to them by the state governments by the state constitution or legislative act.

Because of its with Belgium Great Britain entered world war 1?

Description : Because of its with Belgium Great Britain entered world war 1?

Last Answer : Germany refused a British demand not to invade Belgium (apex

Because of its with Belgium Great Britain entered world war 1?

Description : Because of its with Belgium Great Britain entered world war 1?

Last Answer : Germany refused a British demand not to invade Belgium (apex

Which one of the following is not a feature of the Indian Constitution? (1) Federal Government (2) Independence of Judiciary (3) Parliamentary Government (4) Dual Citizenship

Description : Which one of the following is not a feature of the Indian Constitution? (1) Federal Government (2) Independence of Judiciary (3) Parliamentary Government (4) Dual Citizenship

Last Answer : (4) Dual Citizenship Explanation: The idea of single citizenship is borrowed from British constitution.

With reference to the conduct of government business in the Parliament of India, the term 'closure' refers to - (1) suspension of debate at the terminatan of a day's sitting of the Parliament (2) a rule of legislative procedure under which further debate on a motion can be halted (3) the termination of a Parliamentary session (4) refusal on the part of tie Government to have the opposition look at important documents

Description : With reference to the conduct of government business in the Parliament of India, the term 'closure' refers to - (1) suspension of debate at the terminatan of a day's sitting of the Parliament ... session (4) refusal on the part of tie Government to have the opposition look at important documents

Last Answer : (1) suspension of debate at the terminatan of a day's sitting of the Parliament Explanation: "Closure" is one of the means by which a debate may be brought to a close by a majority decision of the FIouse, even though all members wishing to speak have not done so.

Which parliamentary committee in India is normally chaired by a prominent member of the opposition? (1) Committee on Government Assurances (2) Estimates Committee (3) Privileges Committee (4) Public Accounts Committee

Description : Which parliamentary committee in India is normally chaired by a prominent member of the opposition? (1) Committee on Government Assurances (2) Estimates Committee (3) Privileges Committee (4) Public Accounts Committee

Last Answer : (4) Public Accounts Committee Explanation: The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is a committee of selected members of Parliament, constituted by the Parliament of India, for the auditing of the revenue and ... is selected from the opposition. Earlier, it was headed by a member of the ruling party.

The legislature gains a priority over the executive in – (1) A Presidential Government (2) A Federal Government (3) An Authoritarian Government (4) A Parliamentary Government

Description : The legislature gains a priority over the executive in – (1) A Presidential Government (2) A Federal Government (3) An Authoritarian Government (4) A Parliamentary Government

Last Answer : (4) A Parliamentary Government Explanation: The Parliamentary system of government refers to "a system of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members of the ... and the former obtains its democratic legitimacy from, and is held accountable to, the legislature.

There is a Parliamentary system of Government in India because – (1) The Lok Sabha is directly elected by the people (2) The Parliament can amend the Constitution (3) The Rajya Sabha cannot be dissolved (4) The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha

Description : There is a Parliamentary system of Government in India because – (1) The Lok Sabha is directly elected by the people (2) The Parliament can amend the Constitution (3) The Rajya Sabha cannot be dissolved (4) The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha

Last Answer : (4) The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha

Government is classified as parliamentary and presidential on the basis of which of the following? (1) Relations between legislature and executive (2) Relations between politician and civil servants (3) Written or unwritten Constitutions (4) Rigid or Flexible Constitutions

Description : Government is classified as parliamentary and presidential on the basis of which of the following? (1) Relations between legislature and executive (2) Relations between politician and civil servants (3) Written or unwritten Constitutions (4) Rigid or Flexible Constitutions

Last Answer : (1) Relations between legislature and executive Explanation: Government is classified as parliamentary and presidential on the basis of relations between legislatures and executive.

The basic features of the Indian Constitution which are not amendable under Article 368 are – (1) Sovereignty, territorial integrity, federal system and judicial review. (2) Sovereignty, territorial integrity and parliamentary system of government. (3) Judicial review and the federal system. (4) Sovereignty, territorial integrity, federal system, judicial review and parliamentary system of government.

Description : The basic features of the Indian Constitution which are not amendable under Article 368 are - (1) Sovereignty, territorial integrity, federal system and judicial review. (2) Sovereignty ... 4) Sovereignty, territorial integrity, federal system, judicial review and parliamentary system of government.

Last Answer : (4) Sovereignty, territorial integrity, federal system, judicial review and parliamentary system of government. Explanation: The power of Parliament to legislate and amend provisions of the ... review; Independence of Judiciary; Harmony between Fundamental rights and Directive principles; etc.

A State cannot exist without – (1) Democratic government (2) Parliamentary government (3) Presidential government (4) Some kind of government

Description : A State cannot exist without – (1) Democratic government (2) Parliamentary government (3) Presidential government (4) Some kind of government

Last Answer : (4) Some kind of government Explanation: The state has four essential elements. These are: (1) population, (2) territory (land), (3) government, (4) sovereignty (or independence). The first ... the physical or material basis of the state while the last two form its political and spiritual basis.

Which of the following is the inalienable attribute of the parliamentaiy system of government? (1) Flexibility of the Constitution (2) Fusion of Executive and Legislature (3) Judicial Supremacy (4) Parliamentary Sovereignty

Description : Which of the following is the inalienable attribute of the parliamentaiy system of government? (1) Flexibility of the Constitution (2) Fusion of Executive and Legislature (3) Judicial Supremacy (4) Parliamentary Sovereignty

Last Answer : (2) Fusion of Executive and Legislature Explanation: A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state in which the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy ... to, the legislature (parliament). The executive and legislative branches are thus interconnected.

Parliamentary or Presidential Government can be distinguished mainly by (1) its federal nature (2) the rigidity of the Constitution (3) the employer-employee relations (4) the legislative-executive relations

Description : Parliamentary or Presidential Government can be distinguished mainly by (1) its federal nature (2) the rigidity of the Constitution (3) the employer-employee relations (4) the legislative-executive relations

Last Answer : (4) the legislative-executive relations Explanation: In a parliamentary system, the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from, and is held accountable to, the legislature; the ... government, and the executive branch does not derive its democratic legitimacy from the legislature.