Description : Which of the following statements about extracellular fluid are true? A. The total extracellular fluid volume represents 40% of the body weight. B. The plasma volume constitutes one fourth ... the interstitial fluid. E. The interstitial fluid equilibrates slowly with the other body compartments.
Last Answer : Answer: B DISCUSSION: The total extracellular fluid volume represents 20% of body weight. The plasma volume is approximately 5% of body weight. Sodium is the principal cation. The ... fluid and cerebrospinal fluid, the majority of the interstitial fluid exists as a rapidly equilibrating component
Description : Deuterium oxide and inulin are injected into a normal 30-year-old man. The volume of distribution of deuterium oxide is found to be 42 L and that of inulin 14 L. a. The man's intracellular fluid ... fluid volume is about 9 L. e. The man's total body water cannot be calculated from these data
Last Answer : The man’s intracellular fluid volume is about 28 L.
Description : The primary force moving water molecules from the blood plasma to the interstitial fluid is a. active transport b. cotransport with H+ c. facilitated diffusion d. cotransport with Na+ e. filtration
Last Answer : filtration
Description : Important buffer system of extracellular fluid is (A) Bicarbonate/carbonic acid (B) Disodium hydrogen phosphate/sodium dihydrogen phosphate (C) Plasma proteins (D) Organic Phosphate
Last Answer : Answer : A
Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning ischemia reperfusion injury? a. During ischemia, ATP degradation results in increased plasma and intracellular levels of ... immunization with antibodies to neutrophil adhesive complex lessen the ischemic/reperfusion microvascular injury
Last Answer : Answer: a, b, c, d During the ischemia and hypoperfusion phase, degradation of ATP stores essential to maintain cell integrity and significant loss of diffusible ... either the neutrophil adhesive complex or the endothelial selectins dramatically lessens ischemia/reperfusion microvascular injury
Description : Which one of the following is true of IgE? 1) Is present in plasma in the same concentration as IgG 2) Is increased acutely in an asthmatic attack 3) Crosses the normal placenta 4) Is increased in the serum of atopic individuals 5) Is involved in type 2 hypersensitivity
Last Answer : Answers-4 IgG is the predominant form of immunoglobulin in plasma at a concentration around 10,000 times that of IgE. IgG crosses the placenta to confer immunity to the fetus but IgE does ... frequently increased in those with atopy but serum IgE does not rise acutely during an asthmatic attack.
Description : Which of the following play a significant role in the maintenance of high osmolarity of cortex interstitial fluid ?
Last Answer : Which of the following play a significant role in the maintenance of high osmolarity of cortex interstitial fluid ? ... B. DCT C. PCT D. NaCl and urea
Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the physiology of the microvascular system? a. Filtration of capillary fluid into the interstitial and the subsequent reabsorption is ... the arteriolar level d. Adrenergic vasoconstriction can arrest blood flow to an entire capillary bed
Last Answer : Answer: a, c, d Exchange of material between the vascular space and the cell of various tissues via the interstitial space is essential for organ viability and occurs at the ... contractions are potent enough that blood flow to entire capillary beds can be arrested by adrenergic vasoconstriction
Description : All of the following statements about hemorrhagic shock are true except: A. Following hemorrhagic shock, there is an initial interstitial fluid volume contraction. B. Dopamine, or a similar inotropic ... shock, a narrowed pulse pressure is commonly seen before a fall in systolic blood pressure.
Last Answer : Answer: BC DISCUSSION: Hemorrhagic shock is associated with a contraction of the interstitial fluid compartment because of precapillary vasoconstriction and reabsorption of interstitial fluid ... definitive evidence that such solutions are better than standard crystalloid solutions is lacking
Description : The connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone is – (1) Cartilage (2) Ligament (3) Tendon (4) Interstitial fluid
Last Answer : (3) Tendon Explanation: A tendon or sinew is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments; ... made of collagen. Ligaments join one bone to another bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone.
Description : Edema is BEST described as: B A. Purulent reaction B. An increase in interstitial fluid C. Extravascular hemorrhage D. None of these
Last Answer : An increase in interstitial fluid
Description : Each of the following can produce edema (increased fluid in the interstitial space) EXCEPT C A. Cardiac failure B. Hepatic failure C. Arterial occlusion D. None of these
Last Answer : Arterial occlusion
Description : The lymph serves to (a) return the interstitial fluid to the blood (b) return the WBCs and RBCs to the lymph nodes (c) transport CO2 to the lungs (d) transport O2 to the brain
Last Answer : (a) return the interstitial fluid to the blood
Description : Thiazide diuretics enhance K+ elimination in urine primarily by: A. Inhibiting proximal tubular K+ reabsorption B. Inhibiting Na+ K+-2Cl- cotransport in the ascending limb of loop of Henle C ... in the distal tubular fluid to exchange with interstitial K+ D. Potentiating the action of aldosterone
Last Answer : C. Increasing the availability of Na+ in the distal tubular fluid to exchange with interstitial K
Description : The connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone is (1) Cartilage (2) Ligament (3) Tendon (4) Interstitial fluid
Last Answer : Tendon
Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the cell plasma membrane? a. The plasma membrane is composed of amphipathic molecules b. The hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer of the ... contribute to the cell coat d. The membrane proteins of nerve cells are highly voltage-dependent
Last Answer : Answer: a, b, d The plasma membrane defines the boundary of the cell and serves to contain and concentrate enzymes and other macromolecule constituents. The plasma membrane is ... and bear carbohydrate moieties primarily as oligosaccharide chains that contribute to the cell coat or glycocalyx
Description : True statements about the pH of the extracellular fluid: a. in healthy people it is maintained between 7.4 and 7.5 b. is increased in hypovolaemic shock c. decreases following a cardiac arrest d. influences the binding of drugs to plasma proteins
Last Answer : . influences the binding of drugs to plasma proteins
Description : According to fluid mosaic model, plasma membrane is composed of (a) phospholipids and oligosaccharides (b) phospholipids and hemicellulose (c) phospholipids and integral proteins (d) phospholipids, extrinsic proteins and intrinsic proteins.
Last Answer : (d) phospholipids, extrinsic proteins and intrinsic proteins.
Description : In fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane (a) upper layer is non-polar and hydrophilic (b) upper layer is polar and hydrophobic (c) phospholipids form a bimolecular layer in middle part (d) proteins form a middle layer.
Last Answer : (c) phospholipids form a bimolecular layer in middle part
Description : The following are true about cerebrospinal fluid: a. it has a greater buffering capacity than plasma b. it has a similar chloride concentration to plasma c. it is a plasma ultrafiltrate d. the rate of formation is dependent on the intraventricular pressure over the normal pressure range
Last Answer : it is a plasma ultrafiltrate
Description : The following have a lower concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than plasma: a. glucose b. sodium c. potassium d. magnesium
Last Answer : magnesium
Description : Which is associated with a steroid hormone? A) cyclic AMP B) the second messenger system C) production of new proteins D) activation of proteins present in an inactive form E) binding of a protein to a surface receptor on the plasma membrane
Last Answer : C) production of new proteins
Description : The following are true about the lens: a. it has a higher concentration of sodium than potassium b. it has the highest concentration of protein than other organs in the body c. 90% of proteins in the lens are water-soluble d. gluthatione is reduced in cataract
Last Answer : gluthatione is reduced in cataract
Description : Oedema can occur when (A) Plasma Na and Cl are decreased (B) Plasma Na and Cl are increased (C) Plasma proteins are decreased (D) Plasma proteins are increased
Last Answer : Answer : C
Description : Oncotic pressure of plasma is due to (A) Proteins (B) Chloride (C) Sodium (D) All of these
Description : Osmotically active substances in plasma are (A) Sodium (B) Chloride (C) Proteins (D) All of these
Last Answer : Answer : D
Description : Vasopressin and oxytocin circulate unbound to proteins and have very short plasma half lives, on the order of (A) 1–2 minutes (B) 2–4 minutes (C) 5–8 minutes (D) 10–12 minutes
Last Answer : Answer : B
Description : Normal value of plasma total proteins varies between (A) 3–4 gm/100ml (B) 6–8 gm/100ml (C) 10–12 gm/100ml (D) 14–16 gm/100ml
Description : Plasma proteins act as (A) Buffers (B) Immunoglobulins (C) Reserve proteins (D) All of these
Description : Low density plasma proteins are rich in (A) Chylomicrons (B) Cholesterol (C) Triglycerides (D) Phospholipids
Description : Increased serum alanine during fasting is due to (A) Breakdown of muscle proteins (B) Decreased utilization of non essential amino acids (C) Leakage of aminoacids to plasma (D) Impaired renal function
Description : Plasma proteins are isolated by (A) Salting out (B) Electrophoresis (C) Flourimetry (D) Both (A) and (B)
Description : Plasma proteins which contain more than 4% hexosamine are (A) Microglobulins (B) Glycoproteins (C) Mucoproteins (D) Orosomucoids
Description : If the total amount of a drug present in the body at a given moment is 2.0 g and its plasma concentration is 25 μg/ml, its volume of distribution is: A. 100 L B. 80 L C. 60 L D. 50 L
Last Answer : B. 80 L
Description : 2 If the total amount of a drug present in the body at a given moment is 2.0 g and its plasma concentration is 25 μg/ml, its volume of distribution is: A. 100 L B. 80 L C. 60 L D. 50 L
Description : If the total amount of a drug present in the body at a given moment is 2.0 g and its plasma concentration is 25 μ g/ml, its volume of distribution is: A. 100 L B. 80 L C. 60 L D. 50 L
Description : Colloid osmotic pressure of intracellular fluid is (A) Equal to that of plasma (B) More than that of plasma (C) More than that of plasma (D) Nearly zero WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE 285
Description : The normal concentration of chloride in mg/100 ml of plasma is about (A) 100 (B) 200 (C) 365 (D) 450
Description : The normal concentration of potassium in human plasma in meq/I is about (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 5
Description : The normal concentration of sodium (in mg/100 ml) of human plasma is (A) 100 (B) 200 (C) 250 (D) 330
Description : Epinephrine increases the concentration of free fatty acids in plasma by increasing (A) Extramitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (B) Mitochondrial fatty acid chain elongation (C) Microsomal fatty acid chain elongation (D) Lipolysis in adipose tissue
Description : A high concentration of PTH in blood causes (A) Increase in plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorous (B) Decrease in plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorous (C) Increase in plasma calcium ... in plasma inorganic phosphorous (D) Decrease in plasma calcium and increase in plasma inorganic phosphorous
Description : In the resting state plasma concentration of cortisol is (A) 0.4–2.0 µg/100 ml (B) 2.0–4.0 µg/100 ml (C) 5.0–15.0 µg/100 ml (D) 18.0–25.0 µg/100 ml
Description : The circulating concentration of ACTH in plasma is (A) 0.05 mµ/100 ml (B) 0.1–2.0 mµ/100 ml (C) 2.5–3.5 mµ/100 ml (D) 3.0–5.0 mµ/100 ml
Description : Plasma non-functional enzymes are (A) totally absent (B) low concentration in plastic (C) important for diagnosis of several disease (D) All of these
Description : In allergic diseases, the concentration of the following is increased in plasma: (A) IgA (B) IgG (C) IgD (D) IgE
Description : The plasma concentration of IgA is (A) 1–5 mg/dl (B) 40–200 mg/dl (C) 60–500 mg/dl (D) 700–1,500 mg/dl
Description : A 55 year-old female complaining of vague tiredness is found to have a serum corrected calcium concentration of 2.9 mmol/l. Examination was unremarkable. Which of the following results ... 4) Low normal plasma phosphate concentration 5) Low normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration
Last Answer : Answers-3 Bit too easy really. A high or even normal PTH concentration in the presence of hypercalcaemia would support the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. A high urinary Calcium concentration may ... but neither confirm the diagnosis. Elevated 1,25 VitD suggests a diagnosis of hypervitaminosis D.
Description : Which of the following features is predicted by the Nicolson–Singer fluid mosaic model of biological membranes? (A) Membrane lipids do not diffuse laterally (B) Membrane lipid is primarily in a monolayer form (C) Membrane lipids freely flip-flop (D) Membrane proteins may diffuse laterally
Description : Average concentration of chloride ions in cerebrospinal fluid per 100 ml is (A) 40 mg (B) 440 mg (C) 160 mg (D) 365 mg