Which of the following are facts about a top-down software testing approach? I. Top-down testing typically requires the tester to build method stubs. II. Top-down testing typically requires the tester to build test drivers. (1) only I (2) Only II (3) Both I and II (4) Neither I nor II

Which of the following are facts about a top-down software testing approach? I. Top-down testing typically requires the tester to build method stubs. II. Top-down testing typically requires the tester to build test drivers. (1) only I (2) Only II (3) Both I and II (4) Neither I nor II
by

1 Answer

Answer :

(1) only I
by

Related questions

Which of the following statement(s) is/are TRUE with regard to software testing? I. Regression testing technique ensures that the software product runs correctly after the changes during maintenance. II. Equivalence partitioning is a white-box testing technique that divides the input domain of a program into classes of data from which test cases can be derived. (1) only I (2) only II (3) both I and II (4) neither I nor II

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are TRUE with regard to software testing? I. Regression testing technique ensures that the software product runs correctly after the changes during maintenance. II. Equivalence partitioning is a ... (1) only I (2) only II (3) both I and II (4) neither I nor II

Last Answer : (1) only I 

Abstraction and encapsulation are fundamental principles that underlie the object oriented approach to software development. What can you say about the following two statements? I. Abstraction allows us to focus on what something does without considering the complexities of how it works. II. Encapsulation allows us to consider complex ideas while ignoring irrelevant detail that would confuse us. (1) Neither I nor II is correct. (2) Both I and II are correct. (3) Only II is correct. (4) Only I is correct.

Description : Abstraction and encapsulation are fundamental principles that underlie the object oriented approach to software development. What can you say about the following two statements? I. Abstraction allows us to focus on what something ... and II are correct. (3) Only II is correct. (4) Only I is correct.

Last Answer : (1) Neither I nor II is correct.

A test harness is a A. A high level document describing the principles, approach and major objectives of the organization regarding testing B. A distance set of test activities collected into a manageable phase of a project C. A test environment comprised of stubs and drives needed to conduct a test D. A set of several test cases for a component or system under test

Description : A test harness is a A. A high level document describing the principles, approach and major objectives of the organization regarding testing B. A distance set of test activities collected into a manageable phase ... conduct a test D. A set of several test cases for a component or system under test

Last Answer : C. A test environment comprised of stubs and drives needed to conduct a test

Which of the following statement(s) regarding a linker software is/are true? I. A function of a linker is to combine several object modules into a single load module. II. A function of a linker is to replace absolute references in an object module by symbolic references to locations in other modules. (1) Only I (2) Only II (3) Both I and II (4) Neither I nor Il

Description : Which of the following statement(s) regarding a linker software is/are true? I. A function of a linker is to combine several object modules into a single load module. II. A function of a linker is to replace absolute ... modules. (1) Only I (2) Only II (3) Both I and II (4) Neither I nor Il

Last Answer : Answer: 1

Which of the following concurrency protocol ensures both conflict serializability and freedom from deadlock : I. 2-phase locking II. Time phase ordering (A) Both I & II (B) II only (C) I only (D) Neither I nor II

Description : Which of the following concurrency protocol ensures both conflict serializability and freedom from deadlock : I. 2-phase locking II. Time phase ordering (A) Both I & II (B) II only (C) I only (D) Neither I nor II

Last Answer : (B) II only

Which of the following statement(s) with regard to an abstract class in JAVA is/are TRUE? I. An abstract class is one that is not used to create objects. II. An abstract class is designed only to act as a base class to be inherited by other classes. (1) Only l (2) Only II (3) Neither I nor II (4) Both l and II

Description : Which of the following statement(s) with regard to an abstract class in JAVA is/are TRUE? I. An abstract class is one that is not used to create objects. II. An abstract class is designed only to act as a base class ... by other classes. (1) Only l (2) Only II (3) Neither I nor II (4) Both l and II

Last Answer : Both l and II

Consider the following statements related to compiler construction: I. Lexical Analysis is specified by context-free grammars and implemented by pushdown automata. II. Syntax Analysis is specified by regular expressions and implemented by finite-state machine. Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Only l (2) Only ll (3) Both I and II (4) Neither I nor Il

Description : Consider the following statements related to compiler construction: I. Lexical Analysis is specified by context-free grammars and implemented by pushdown automata. II. Syntax Analysis is specified by regular expressions and implemented by ... Only l (2) Only ll (3) Both I and II (4) Neither I nor Il

Last Answer : Answer: 4

Which one of the following statements is incorrect ? (A) Pareto analysis is a statistical method used for analyzing causes, and is one of the primary tools for quality management. (B) Reliability of a software specifies the probability of failure-free operation of that software for a given time duration. (C) The reliability of a system can also be specified as the Mean Time To Failure (MTTF). (D) In white-box testing, the test cases are decided from the specifications or the requirements.

Description : Which one of the following statements is incorrect ? (A) Pareto analysis is a statistical method used for analyzing causes, and is one of the primary tools for quality management. (B) Reliability of ... (D) In white-box testing, the test cases are decided from the specifications or the requirements.

Last Answer : (D) In white-box testing, the test cases are decided from the specifications or the requirements.

Which of the following is not typically a benefit of dynamic linking? I. Reduction in overall program execution time. II. Reduction in overall space consumption in memory. III. Reduction in overall space consumption on disk. IV. Reduction in the cost of software updates. (A) I and IV (B) I only (C) II and III (D) IV only

Description : Which of the following is not typically a benefit of dynamic linking? I. Reduction in overall program execution time. II. Reduction in overall space consumption in memory. III. Reduction in overall space consumption on disk. IV. ... updates. (A) I and IV (B) I only (C) II and III (D) IV only

Last Answer : (B) I only 

Which of the following is a myth in testing? a) Tester can find bugs b) Any user can test software c) Missed defects are not due to testers d) Complete testing is not possible

Description : Which of the following is a myth in testing? a) Tester can find bugs b) Any user can test software c) Missed defects are not due to testers d) Complete testing is not possible

Last Answer : Ans : b

A software project was estimated at 352 Function Points (FP). A four person team will be assigned to this project consisting of an architect, two programmers, and a tester. The salary of the architect is Rs.80,000 per month, the programmer Rs.60,000 per month and the tester Rs.50,000 per month. The average productivity for the team is 8 FP per person month. Which of the following represents the projected cost of the project? (1) Rs.28,16,000 (2) Rs.20,90,000 (3) Rs.26,95,000 (4) Rs.27,50,000

Description : A software project was estimated at 352 Function Points (FP). A four person team will be assigned to this project consisting of an architect, two programmers, and a tester. The salary of the architect is Rs.80,000 per month, the ... ) Rs.28,16,000 (2) Rs.20,90,000 (3) Rs.26,95,000 (4) Rs.27,50,000

Last Answer : (4) Rs.27,50,000 

A pushdown automation M = (Q, Σ, Γ, δ, q0, z, F) is set to be deterministic subject to which of the following condition(s), for every q ∈ Q, a ∈ Σ ∪ {λ} and b ∈ Γ (s1) δ(q, a, b) contains at most one element (s2) if δ(q, λ, b) is not empty then δ(q, c, b) must be empty for every c ∈ Σ (A) only s1 (B) only s2 (C) both s1 and s2 (D) neither s1 nor s2

Description : A pushdown automation M = (Q, Σ, Γ, δ, q0, z, F) is set to be deterministic subject to which of the following condition(s), for every q ∈ Q, a ∈ Σ ∪ {λ} and b ∈ Γ (s1) δ(q, a, b) contains at most one ... ) must be empty for every c ∈ Σ (A) only s1 (B) only s2 (C) both s1 and s2 (D) neither s1 nor s2

Last Answer : (C) both s1 and s2

Which of the following concurrency protocol ensures both conflict serializability and freedom from deadlock ? (a) 2-phase Locking (b) Time stamp - ordering (A) Both (a) and (b) (B) (a) only (C) (b) only (D) Neither (a) nor (b)

Description : Which of the following concurrency protocol ensures both conflict serializability and freedom from deadlock ? (a) 2-phase Locking (b) Time stamp - ordering (A) Both (a) and (b) (B) (a) only (C) (b) only (D) Neither (a) nor (b)

Last Answer : (C) (b) only

Which of the following is/are correct with reference to Abstract class and interface ? (a) A class can inherit only one Abstract class but may inherit several interfaces. (b) An Abstract class can provide complete and default code but an interface has no code. Codes : (A) (a) is true (B) (b) is true (C) Both (a) and (b) are true (D) Neither (a) nor (b) is true

Description : Which of the following is/are correct with reference to Abstract class and interface ? (a) A class can inherit only one Abstract class but may inherit several interfaces. (b) An Abstract class can provide complete and default ... true (C) Both (a) and (b) are true (D) Neither (a) nor (b) is true

Last Answer : Answer: C

In the question given below, there are two statements followed by two conclusions. You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions, and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements? St at ement s: Some kings are queens All the queens are beautiful. Conclusi ons: I . All the kings are beautiful I I . All the queens are kings. (1) Only I follows (2) Only II follows (3) Neither I nor II follows

Description : In the question given below, there are two statements followed by two conclusions. You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the ... queens are kings. (1) Only I follows (2) Only II follows (3) Neither I nor II follows

Last Answer : (3) Neither I nor II follows

………………… approach reduces time and effort required for design and lesser risk in database management. A) Single global database B) Top-down approach C) Multiple databases D) None of the above

Description : ………………… approach reduces time and effort required for design and lesser risk in database management. A) Single global database B) Top-down approach C) Multiple databases D) None of the above

Last Answer : C) Multiple databases

A Design concept Refinement is a: (A) Top-down Approach (B) Complementary of Abstraction concept (C) Process of elaboration (D) All of the above

Description : A Design concept Refinement is a: (A) Top-down Approach (B) Complementary of Abstraction concept (C) Process of elaboration (D) All of the above

Last Answer : (D) All of the above

Units and stubs are not needed for unit testing because the modules are tested independently of one another (A) True (B) False

Description : Units and stubs are not needed for unit testing because the modules are tested independently of one another (A) True (B) False

Last Answer : (A) True

Consider the table Student(stuid, name, course, marks). Which one of the following two queries is correct to find the highest marks student in course 5? Q.1. Select S.stuid From student S Where not exists (select * from student e where e course='5' and e marks ≥ s marks) Q.2. Select S.stuid From student S Where s.marks > any (select distinct marks from student S where s.couse = 5) (A) Q.1 (B) Q.2 (C) Both Q.1 and Q.2 (D) Neither Q.1 nor Q.2

Description : Consider the table Student(stuid, name, course, marks). Which one of the following two queries is correct to find the highest marks student in course 5? Q.1. Select S.stuid From student S Where not exists (select * from student ... ) Q.1 (B) Q.2 (C) Both Q.1 and Q.2 (D) Neither Q.1 nor Q.2

Last Answer : (B) Q.2 Explanation: First query gives stuid of students whose marks are greater than all students taking course 5. Second query gives stuid of students whose marks are greater than any student taking ... comparison is between maximum of marks by any student in course 5. So the answer is option D.

When testing for blown fuses in a three-phase supply circuit to a motor, you should first ___________________. A. apply the megger across the tops of the line fuses B. apply an ammeter diagonally across the top of the first line fuse and the bottom of the third line fuse C. apply the voltage tester across the bottoms of the line fuses D. ensure the circuit is de-energized, and then use a continuity tester

Description : When testing for blown fuses in a three-phase supply circuit to a motor, you should first ___________________. A. apply the megger across the tops of the line fuses B. apply an ammeter diagonally across ... of the line fuses D. ensure the circuit is de-energized, and then use a continuity tester

Last Answer : Answer: D

Equivalence partitioning is a .................. method that divides the input domain of a program into classes of data from which test cases can be derived. (A) White-box testing (B) Black-box testing (C) Orthogonal array testing (D) Stress testing

Description : Equivalence partitioning is a .................. method that divides the input domain of a program into classes of data from which test cases can be derived. (A) White-box testing (B) Black-box testing (C) Orthogonal array testing (D) Stress testing

Last Answer : (B) Black-box testing

You are using a mechanical voltage tester to check the fuses in a three-phase circuit supplying an electric motor. For which of the following reasons must the motor be stopped during the test? A. Testing an energized circuit presents a hazard to the testing personnel. B. A faulty fuse could go undetected with the motor energized. C. Reversed polarity of the circuit would be indicated by the voltage tester with the circuit energized. D. All of the above.

Description : You are using a mechanical voltage tester to check the fuses in a three-phase circuit supplying an electric motor. For which of the following reasons must the motor be stopped during the test? A. ... circuit would be indicated by the voltage tester with the circuit energized. D. All of the above.

Last Answer : Answer: B

During the testing of a module tester ‘X’ finds a bug and assigned it to developer. But developer rejects the same, saying that it’s not a bug. What ‘X’ should do? A. Report the issue to the test manager and try to settle with the developer. B. Retest the module and confirm the bug C. Assign the same bug to another developer D. Send to the detailed information of the bug encountered and check the reproducibility

Description : During the testing of a module tester X' finds a bug and assigned it to developer. But developer rejects the same, saying that it's not a bug. What X' should do? A. Report ... same bug to another developer D. Send to the detailed information of the bug encountered and check the reproducibility

Last Answer : D. Send to the detailed information of the bug encountered and check the reproducibility

During the testing of a module tester ‘X’ finds a bug and assigned it to developer. But developer rejects the same, saying that it’s not a bug. What ‘X’ should do? A. Report the issue to the test manager and try to settle with the developer. B. Retest the module and confirm the bug C. Assign the same bug to another developer D. Send to the detailed information of the bug encountered and check the reproducibility

Description : During the testing of a module tester X' finds a bug and assigned it to developer. But developer rejects the same, saying that it's not a bug. What X' should do? A. Report ... same bug to another developer D. Send to the detailed information of the bug encountered and check the reproducibility

Last Answer : D. Send to the detailed information of the bug encountered and check the reproducibility

A test manager wants to use the resources available for the automated testing of a web application. The best choice is A. Test automater, web specialist, DBA, test lead B. Tester, test automater, web specialist, DBA C. Tester, test lead, test automater, DBA D. Tester, web specialist, test lead, test automater

Description : A test manager wants to use the resources available for the automated testing of a web application. The best choice is A. Test automater, web specialist, DBA, test lead B. Tester, test automater, web ... C. Tester, test lead, test automater, DBA D. Tester, web specialist, test lead, test automater

Last Answer : B. Tester, test automater, web specialist, DBA

The following defines the statement of what the tester is expected to accomplish or validate during testing activity A. Test scope B. Test objective C. Test environment D. None of the above

Description : The following defines the statement of what the tester is expected to accomplish or validate during testing activity A. Test scope B. Test objective C. Test environment D. None of the above

Last Answer : B. Test objective

Which of the following control expressions are valid for an if statement? A) An integer expression B) A Boolean expression C) Either A or B D) Neither A nor B

Description : Which of the following control expressions are valid for an if statement? A) An integer expression B) A Boolean expression C) Either A or B D) Neither A nor B

Last Answer : B) A Boolean expression

Which of the following control expressions are valid for an if statement? A) An integer expression B) A Boolean expression C) Either A or B D) Neither A nor B

Description : Which of the following control expressions are valid for an if statement? A) An integer expression B) A Boolean expression C) Either A or B D) Neither A nor B

Last Answer : B) A Boolean expression

Which of the following control expressions are valid for an if statement? A) an integer expression B) a Boolean expression C) either A or B D) Neither A nor B

Description : Which of the following control expressions are valid for an if statement? A) an integer expression B) a Boolean expression C) either A or B D) Neither A nor B

Last Answer : B) a Boolean expression

If f(x, y) is a digital image, then x, y and amplitude values of f are (A) Finite (B) Infinite (C) Neither finite nor infinite (D) None of the above

Description : If f(x, y) is a digital image, then x, y and amplitude values of f are (A) Finite (B) Infinite (C) Neither finite nor infinite (D) None of the above

Last Answer : (A) Finite

Consider a schema R(MNPQ) and functional dependencies M→N, P→Q. Then the decomposition of R into R1(MN) and R2(PQ) is ............. (1) Dependency preserving but not lossless join. (2) Dependency preserving and lossless join (3) Lossless join but not dependency preserving (4) Neither dependency preserving nor lossless join.

Description : Consider a schema R(MNPQ) and functional dependencies M→N, P→Q. Then the decomposition of R into R1(MN) and R2(PQ) is ............. (1) Dependency preserving but not lossless ... and lossless join (3) Lossless join but not dependency preserving (4) Neither dependency preserving nor lossless join. 

Last Answer : Answer: 1

Total no. of probes fitted on digital double rail tester for rail testing are (i) 12 (ii) 8 (iii) 14* (iv) 16.

Description : Total no. of probes fitted on digital double rail tester for rail testing are (i) 12 (ii) 8 (iii) 14* (iv) 16.

Last Answer : (iii) 14*

Thermal efficiency of a Carnot engine can approach 100%, only when the temperature of the (A) Cold reservoir approaches zero (B) Hot reservoir approaches infinity (C) Either (A) or (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)

Description : Thermal efficiency of a Carnot engine can approach 100%, only when the temperature of the (A) Cold reservoir approaches zero (B) Hot reservoir approaches infinity (C) Either (A) or (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)

Last Answer : C) Either (A) or (B)

In a forced draft cooling tower, water is cooled from 95 to 80°F by exposure to air with a wet bulb temperature of 70°F. In this case, the (A) Range is 15°F (B) Approach is 10°F (C) Both (A) & (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)

Description : In a forced draft cooling tower, water is cooled from 95 to 80°F by exposure to air with a wet bulb temperature of 70°F. In this case, the (A) Range is 15°F (B) Approach is 10°F (C) Both (A) & (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)

Last Answer : (C) Both (A) & (B)

In a forced draft cooling tower, water is cooled from 95 to 80°F by exposure to air with a wet bulb temperature of 70°F. In this case, the (A) Range is 15°F (B) Approach is 10°F (C) Both (A) & (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)

Description : In a forced draft cooling tower, water is cooled from 95 to 80°F by exposure to air with a wet bulb temperature of 70°F. In this case, the (A) Range is 15°F (B) Approach is 10°F (C) Both (A) & (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)

Last Answer : (C) Both (A) & (B)

In relation to expression defined in Section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act which of the following statement is not correct a) Facts include not only physical fact but also psychological facts b) Court includes arbitrators c) An inscription on a store is a document d) A fact is said to be not proved when it is neither proved nor disapproved

Description : In relation to expression defined in Section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act which of  the following statement is not correct a) Facts include not only physical fact but also psychological facts b) Court ... a document d) A fact is said to be not proved when it is neither proved nor disapproved

Last Answer : b) Court includes arbitrators

Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction a) Whether they occurred at the same time and place b) Whether they occurred at the different time and place c) Both the A & B d) Neither A nor B

Description : Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction a) Whether they occurred at the same time and place b) Whether they occurred at the different time and place c) Both the A & B d) Neither A nor B

Last Answer : c) Both the A & B

Facts means and include a) Any thing, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being perceived by the senses b) Any mental condition of which any person is conscious. c) Both the A and B d) Neither A nor B

Description : Facts means and include a) Any thing, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being perceived by the  senses b) Any mental condition of which any person is conscious. c) Both the A and B d) Neither A nor B

Last Answer : c) Both the A and B

Mark the correct option a) All statements which the court permits or requires to be made before it by witnesses, in relation to matters of fact under inquiry such statements are called oral evidence b) All documents including electronic records produced for the inspection of the court called as documentary evidence c) Both the A and B are correct d) Neither A nor B are correct.

Description : Mark the correct option a) All statements which the court permits or requires to be made before it by  witnesses, in relation to matters of fact under inquiry such statements are called  oral evidence b) ... documentary evidence c) Both the A and B are correct d) Neither A nor B are correct.

Last Answer : c) Both the A and B are correct

Verification: (A) refers to the set of activities that ensure that software correctly implements a specific function. (B) gives answer to the question - Are we building the product right ? (C) requires execution of software (D) both (A) and (B)

Description : Verification: (A) refers to the set of activities that ensure that software correctly implements a specific function. (B) gives answer to the question - Are we building the product right ? (C) requires execution of software (D) both (A) and (B)

Last Answer : (D) both (A) and (B)

Which of the following is not a type of incremental testing approach? a) Top down b) Big-bang c) Bottom up d) Functional incrementation.

Description : Which of the following is not a type of incremental testing approach? a) Top down b) Big-bang c) Bottom up d) Functional incrementation.

Last Answer : b) Big-bang

Top down approach is used for (A) development. (B) identification of faults. (C) testing and validation. (D) reverse engineering.

Description : Top down approach is used for (A) development. (B) identification of faults. (C) testing and validation. (D) reverse engineering.

Last Answer : (A) development.

Consider the following statements: (a) Revised simplex method requires lesser computations than the simplex method. (b) Revised simplex method automatically generates the inverse of the current basis matrix. (c) Less number of entries are needed in each table of revised simplex method than usual simplex method. Which of these statements are correct? (A) (a) and (b) only (B) (a) and (c) only (C) (b) and (c) only (D) (a), (b) and (c)

Description : Consider the following statements: (a) Revised simplex method requires lesser computations than the simplex method. (b) Revised simplex method automatically generates the inverse of the current basis matrix. (c) Less number of entries are needed ... c) only (C) (b) and (c) only (D) (a), (b) and (c)

Last Answer : (D) (a), (b) and (c)

Adaptive maintenance is a maintenance which ............. (A) Correct errors that were not discovered till testing phase. (B) is carried out to port the existing software to a new environment. (C) improves the system performance. (D) both (B) and (C)

Description : Adaptive maintenance is a maintenance which ............. (A) Correct errors that were not discovered till testing phase. (B) is carried out to port the existing software to a new environment. (C) improves the system performance. (D) both (B) and (C)

Last Answer : (B) is carried out to port the existing software to a new environment.

Which one of the following statements, related to the requirements phase in Software Engineering, is incorrect ? (A) “Requirement validation” is one of the activities in the requirements phase. (B) “Prototyping” is one of the methods for requirement analysis. (C) “Modelling-oriented approach” is one of the methods for specifying the functional specifications. (D) “Function points” is one of the most commonly used size metric for requirements.

Description : Which one of the following statements, related to the requirements phase in Software Engineering, is incorrect ? (A) Requirement validation is one of the activities in the requirements phase. (B) ... . (D) Function points is one of the most commonly used size metric for requirements. 

Last Answer : (C) “Modelling-oriented approach” is one of the methods for specifying the functional specifications. 

The Prototyping model of software development is: (1) a reasonable approach when requirements are well-defined. (2) a useful approach when a customer cannot define requirements clearly. (3) the best approach to use for projects with large development teams. (4) a risky model that rarely produces a meaningful product.

Description : The Prototyping model of software development is: (1) a reasonable approach when requirements are well-defined. (2) a useful approach when a customer cannot define requirements clearly. (3) the ... projects with large development teams. (4) a risky model that rarely produces a meaningful product.

Last Answer : 1

In Frame Relay, when. ______ is selected, it requires establishing andterminatingphases A) a PVC B) an SVC C) either (a) or (b) D) neither (a) nor (b)

Description : In Frame Relay, when. ______ is selected, it requires establishing andterminatingphases A) a PVC B) an SVC C) either (a) or (b) D) neither (a) nor (b)

Last Answer : an SVC

In the Hungarian method for solving assignment problem, an optimal assignment requires that the maximum number of lines that can be drawn through squares with zero opportunity cost be equal to the number of: (A) rows or columns (B) rows+columns (C) rows+columns-1 (D) rows+columns+1

Description : In the Hungarian method for solving assignment problem, an optimal assignment requires that the maximum number of lines that can be drawn through squares with zero opportunity cost be equal to the number of: (A) rows or columns (B) rows+columns (C) rows+columns-1 (D) rows+columns+1

Last Answer : (A) rows or columns

State true or false for the following statements in Java. i) Java beans slow down software development process. ii) Java Servlets do not have built in multithreading feature. A) i-false, ii-false B) i-false, ii-true C) i-true, ii-false D) i-true, ii-true

Description : State true or false for the following statements in Java. i) Java beans slow down software development process. ii) Java Servlets do not have built in multithreading feature. A) i-false, ii-false B) i-false, ii-true C) i-true, ii-false D) i-true, ii-true

Last Answer : A) i-false, ii-false