Meningitis - gram-negative?

Meningitis - gram-negative?
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DefinitionGram-negative meningitis is an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges) caused by bacteria that turn pink when exposed to a special stain (gram-negative bacteria).See also:Aseptic meningitisMeningitis - cryptococcalMeningitis -nullH. influenzaeMeningitis - meningococcalMeningitis - pneumococcalMeningitis - staphylococcalMeningitis - tuberculousAlternative NamesGram-negative meningitisCauses, incidence, and risk factorsAcute bacterial meningitis can be caused by gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria causing gram-negative meningitis include:Acinetobacter baumanniiEnterobacter aerogenesEscherichia coliKlebsiella pneumoniaePseudomonas aeruginosaGram-negative meningitis is much more common in infants than adults.Risk factors in adults and children include:Lo
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Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside-like antibiotic indicated for the treatment of (a) Gram-negative bacillary septicemia (b) Tuberculosis (c) Penicillin-resistant gonococcal infections (d) Syphilis (e) Gram-negative meningitis due to susceptible organisms

Description : Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside-like antibiotic indicated for the treatment of (a) Gram-negative bacillary septicemia (b) Tuberculosis (c) Penicillin-resistant gonococcal infections (d) Syphilis (e) Gram-negative meningitis due to susceptible organisms

Last Answer : Ans: C

This gram-positive rod can cause meningoencephalitis, septicemia, and newborn meningitis. a. Bacillus cereus b. Listeria monocyto genes c. Clostridium peringens d. Escherichia coli

Description : This gram-positive rod can cause meningoencephalitis, septicemia, and newborn meningitis. a. Bacillus cereus b. Listeria monocyto genes c. Clostridium peringens d. Escherichia coli

Last Answer : b. Listeria monocyto genes

This gram-positive rod can cause meningoencephalitis, septicemia, and newborn meningitis. a. Bacillus cereus b. Listeria monocyto genes c. Clostridium peringens d. Escherichia coli

Description : This gram-positive rod can cause meningoencephalitis, septicemia, and newborn meningitis. a. Bacillus cereus b. Listeria monocyto genes c. Clostridium peringens d. Escherichia coli

Last Answer : b. Listeria monocyto genes

ifampin + pyrazinamide for initial 2 months followed by isoniazid + rifampin for another 4 months for the following category of tubercular patients: A. New sputum positive cases of pulmonary tuberculosis B. New sputum negative cases of pulmonary tuberculosis C. Sputum positive patients of pulmonary tuberculosis who have interrupted treatment for more than 2 months D. Tubercular meningitis patients

Description : ifampin + pyrazinamide for initial 2 months followed by isoniazid + rifampin for another 4 months for the following category of tubercular patients: A. New sputum positive cases of ... pulmonary tuberculosis who have interrupted treatment for more than 2 months D. Tubercular meningitis patients

Last Answer : B. New sputum negative cases of pulmonary tuberculosis

What are Gram-Negative bacteria? -Biology

Description : What are Gram-Negative bacteria? -Biology

Last Answer : answer:

What is the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells? Name the technique used for differentiating such bacterial cells.

Description : What is the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells? Name the technique used for differentiating such bacterial cells.

Last Answer : What is the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells? Name the technique used for differentiating such bacterial cells.

Is Mycobacteria a gram negative?

Description : Is Mycobacteria a gram negative?

Last Answer : Feel Free to Answer

How do gram-positive and negative stains react differently to antibiotics?

Description : How do gram-positive and negative stains react differently to antibiotics?

Last Answer : The only thing that Gram- and Gram+ have to do with antibiotics is that each stain can give a clue as to which antibiotic might work against the microbe being stained. The outer membrane ... Penicillin, cloxacillin, and erythromycin should be enough to cover 90 per cent of Gram-positive infections.

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning septic shock? a. The clinical picture of gram negative septic shock is specifically different than shock associated with other infectious agents b. The circulatory derangements of septic shock precede the development of metabolic abnormalities c. Splanchnic vascular resistance falls in similar fashion to overall systemic vascular resistance d. Despite normal mechanisms of intrinsic expansion of the circulating blood volume, exogenous volume resuscitation is necessary

Description : Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning septic shock? a. The clinical picture of gram negative septic shock is specifically different than shock associated with ... mechanisms of intrinsic expansion of the circulating blood volume, exogenous volume resuscitation is necessary

Last Answer : Answer: d The clinical findings in sepsis and septic shock represent the host response to infection. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae, and ... intravascular volume, exogenous volume resuscitation must be provided to restore venous return and ventricular filling

The following statement(s) is/are true concerning gram-negative bacterial sepsis. a. Mortality due to this condition has almost been eliminated due to therapeutic intervention with antibiotics, aggressive hemodynamic monitoring and fluid resuscitation b. Recent series have noted a decrease in the incidence of this condition c. Predisposing factors include old age, malnutrition, and immunosuppression d. Pseudomonas bacteremia is the most common cause of gram-negative sepsis e. Polymicrobial sepsis is generally considered a more serious problem than sepsis due to a single organism

Description : The following statement(s) is/are true concerning gram-negative bacterial sepsis. a. Mortality due to this condition has almost been eliminated due to therapeutic intervention with antibiotics, aggressive ... sepsis is generally considered a more serious problem than sepsis due to a single organism

Last Answer : Answer: c, e Gram-negative bacterial sepsis is a serious disease process that produces substantial morbidity and mortality in both normal and immunocompromised patients (10% to 20% and ... and most investigators agree that polymicrobial sepsis is more lethal than infection with a single organism

A 67-year-old male presents with an intraabdominal abscess secondary to perforated sigmoid diverticulitis. The following statement(s) is/are true concerning his intraabdominal abscess. a. Culture will likely reveal a solitary organism b. Both aerobic and anaerobic islets are encountered in 50% of specimens c. The most common aerobic islet will be likely E. coli and other gram-negative enteric bacilli d. The most common anaerobic islet will be a Bacteroides species

Description : A 67-year-old male presents with an intraabdominal abscess secondary to perforated sigmoid diverticulitis. The following statement(s) is/are true concerning his intraabdominal abscess. a. Culture will ... gram-negative enteric bacilli d. The most common anaerobic islet will be a Bacteroides species

Last Answer : Answer: b, c, d Typically an intraabdominal infection results in perforation of a hollow viscus and the ensuing contamination of a normally sterile peritoneal cavity. The normal ... Bacteroides species (especially B. fragilis, Clostridium), and anaerobic cocci are most consistently isolated

If a necrotizing soft tissue infection is considered, therapy mandates: a. Empiric administration of antibiotics active against gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria b. Due to usually resistant species, penicillin is not indicated c. Immediate operative intervention and aggressive resection of all involved tissues is mandatory d. The use of hyperbaric oxygen has been demonstrated to be clearly advantageous

Description : If a necrotizing soft tissue infection is considered, therapy mandates: a. Empiric administration of antibiotics active against gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria b. Due to usually ... is mandatory d. The use of hyperbaric oxygen has been demonstrated to be clearly advantageous

Last Answer : Answer: a, c Identification of a necrotizing, soft tissue infection mandates immediate operative intervention with aggressive resection of all involved tissues and empiric ... remains without controlled trials demonstrating any additional benefits derived from hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Increasing evidence has implicated gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS endotoxin) as the portion of the gram-negative bacterial cell membrane responsible for many, if not all the toxic effects that occur during gram-negative bacterial sepsis. The following statement(s) is/are true concerning LPS and the host response. a. The LPS molecule can in itself cause physiologic responses similar to that seen during gram-negative bacterial sepsis b. LPS triggers host macrophages to release a variety of cytokines including TNF-a, IL-1a, and IL-1b, IL-6, and IFN-a c. Excessive cytokine production is not associated with detrimental consequences d. TNFa and IL-1b appear to be the primary mediators within the host, exerting deleterious effects on the host when excessive amounts reach the syst

Description : Increasing evidence has implicated gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS endotoxin) as the portion of the gram-negative bacterial cell membrane responsible for many, if not all the ... host, exerting deleterious effects on the host when excessive amounts reach the systemic circulation

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, d The LPS molecule exerts diverse effects on the mammalian host. Immunologic responses to LPS include nonspecific polyclonal B-cell proliferation, macrophage activation and ... deleterious effects on the host only after large amounts are secreted and reach the systemic circulation

A 67-year-old male with advanced cholangiocarcinoma develops gram-negative sepsis. Excessive bleeding is noted around vascular catheters and from needle puncture sites. The diagnosis of disseminated intervascular coagulation (DIC) is considered. Which of the following laboratory test(s) is/are indicative of DIC? a. Decreased platelet count b. Decreased fibrinogen level c. Normal prothrombin time d. Elevated fibrin split products

Description : A 67-year-old male with advanced cholangiocarcinoma develops gram-negative sepsis. Excessive bleeding is noted around vascular catheters and from needle puncture sites. The diagnosis of disseminated ... b. Decreased fibrinogen level c. Normal prothrombin time d. Elevated fibrin split products

Last Answer : Answer: a, b, d Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is the primary form of acute thrombosis. Causes of this syndrome include abruptio placenta, gram-positive and gram-negative sepsis, ... decline in the platelet count and fibrinogen level, along with an elevation of fibrin split products

In gram positive and gram negative bacteria the electron transport contains a. Naphthquinone b. Plastoquinone c. Ubiquinone d. Both a and b

Description : In gram positive and gram negative bacteria the electron transport contains a. Naphthquinone b. Plastoquinone c. Ubiquinone d. Both a and b

Last Answer : Ans: A

The most important mechanism by which gram negative bacilli acquire chloramphenicol resistance is (a) Decreased permeability into the bacterial cell (b) Acquisition of a plasmid encoded for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (c) Lowered affinity of the bacterial ribosome for chloramphenicol (d) Switching over from ribosomal to mitochondrial protein synthesis

Description : The most important mechanism by which gram negative bacilli acquire chloramphenicol resistance is (a) Decreased permeability into the bacterial cell (b) Acquisition of a plasmid encoded ... bacterial ribosome for chloramphenicol (d) Switching over from ribosomal to mitochondrial protein synthesis

Last Answer : Ans: B

Cefotaxime has the following properties except (a) It is highly active against aerobic gram negative bacteria (b) It is the most active cephalosporin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (c) It produces an active metabolite (d) It has achieved high cure rates in serious hospital acquired infections

Description : Cefotaxime has the following properties except (a) It is highly active against aerobic gram negative bacteria (b) It is the most active cephalosporin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (c) It produces an active metabolite (d) It has achieved high cure rates in serious hospital acquired infections

Last Answer : Ans: B

Gram negative organisms are largely insensitive to benzyl penicillin because (a) They produce large quantities of penicillinase (b) They do not utilize D-alanine whose incorporation in the cell wall is inhibited by benzyl penicillin (c) Benzyl penicillin is not able to penetrate deeper into the lipoprotein-peptidoglycan multiplayer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria (d) Both (a) and (b)

Description : Gram negative organisms are largely insensitive to benzyl penicillin because (a) They produce large quantities of penicillinase (b) They do not utilize D-alanine whose incorporation in the cell wall is ... lipoprotein-peptidoglycan multiplayer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria (d) Both (a) and (b)

Last Answer : Ans: C

Superinfections are more common with (a) Use of narrow spectrum antibiotics (b) Short courses of antibiotics (c) Use of antibiotics that are completely absorbed from the small intestines (d) Use of antibiotic combinations covering both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Description : Superinfections are more common with (a) Use of narrow spectrum antibiotics (b) Short courses of antibiotics (c) Use of antibiotics that are completely absorbed from the small intestines (d) Use of antibiotic combinations covering both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Last Answer : Ans: D

Read the following four statements (A-D). (A) Colostrum is recommended for the new born because it is rich in antigens. (B) Chikungunya is caused by a Gram negative bacterium. (C) Tissue culture has proved useful in obtaining virus-free plants. (D) **** is manufactured by distillation of fermented grape juice. How many of the above statements are wrong? (a) Two (b) Three (c) Four (d) One

Description : Read the following four statements (A-D). (A) Colostrum is recommended for the new born because it is rich in antigens. (B) Chikungunya is caused by a Gram negative bacterium. (C) Tissue culture has proved useful ... . How many of the above statements are wrong? (a) Two (b) Three (c) Four (d) One

Last Answer : (B) Chikungunya is caused by a Gram negative bacterium.

Common cold is not cured by antibiotics because it is (a) caused by a virus (b) caused by a Gram-positive bacterium (c) caused by a Gram-negative bacterium (d) not an infectious disease.

Description : Common cold is not cured by antibiotics because it is (a) caused by a virus (b) caused by a Gram-positive bacterium (c) caused by a Gram-negative bacterium (d) not an infectious disease.

Last Answer : (b) caused by a Gram-positive bacterium

Difference in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria is due to (a) cell wall (b) cell membrane (c) ribosome (d) cytoplasm.

Description : Difference in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria is due to (a) cell wall (b) cell membrane (c) ribosome (d) cytoplasm.

Last Answer : (a) cell wall

Difference in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria is due to (a) cell wall (b) cell membrane (c) ribosome (d) cytoplasm.

Description : Difference in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria is due to (a) cell wall (b) cell membrane (c) ribosome (d) cytoplasm.

Last Answer : (a) cell wall

The drug isoniazid is used widely in contemporary medicine to a. Treat tuberculosis. b. Prevent fungal overgrowth in the intestine. c. Clear away wound infections. d. Eliminate infections due to gram-negative bacteria.

Description : The drug isoniazid is used widely in contemporary medicine to a. Treat tuberculosis. b. Prevent fungal overgrowth in the intestine. c. Clear away wound infections. d. Eliminate infections due to gram-negative bacteria.

Last Answer : a. Treat tuberculosis.

Gentamicin and other aminoglycoside drugs are widely prescribed for treatment of _____ infections. a. fungal b. gram-positive bacterial c. gram-negative bacterial d. staphylococcal

Description : Gentamicin and other aminoglycoside drugs are widely prescribed for treatment of _____ infections. a. fungal b. gram-positive bacterial c. gram-negative bacterial d. staphylococcal

Last Answer : c. gram-negative bacterial

Penicillins are useful in treating a. Gram-positive infections. b. Leprosy. c. Gram-negative infections. d. Tuberculosis.

Description : Penicillins are useful in treating a. Gram-positive infections. b. Leprosy. c. Gram-negative infections. d. Tuberculosis.

Last Answer : a. Gram-positive infections.

The skin is a. Dominated By Gram-Negative Bacterial Cells. b. Free Of Bacterial Cells. c. Without A Microbiota.d. Dominated By Gram-Positive Bacterial Cells.

Description : The skin is a. Dominated By Gram-Negative Bacterial Cells. b. Free Of Bacterial Cells. c. Without A Microbiota. d. Dominated By Gram-Positive Bacterial Cells.

Last Answer : d. Dominated By Gram-Positive Bacterial Cells.

Bacillus anthracis is a gram-_____ rod. a. Positive, Spore-Forming b. Positive, Anaerobic c. Negative, Spore-Forming d. Negative, Aerobic

Description : Bacillus anthracis is a gram-_____ rod. a. Positive, Spore-Forming b. Positive, Anaerobic c. Negative, Spore-Forming d. Negative, Aerobic

Last Answer : a. Positive, Spore-Forming

The majority of bacterial species that cause foodborne and waterborne illnesses in humans are _____. a. Gram-Negative Rods b. Gram-Negative Cocci c. Gram-Positive Rods d. Rods Without A Wall

Description : The majority of bacterial species that cause foodborne and waterborne illnesses in humans are _____. a. Gram-Negative Rods b. Gram-Negative Cocci c. Gram-Positive Rods d. Rods Without A Wall

Last Answer : a. Gram-Negative Rods

Escherichia coli is a common gram that can be a cause of a. positive rod; hemorrhagic colitis b. negative rod; traveler‘s diarrhea c. positive coccus; typhoid fever d. negative rod; cholera

Description : Escherichia coli is a common gram that can be a cause of a. positive rod; hemorrhagic colitis b. negative rod; traveler‘s diarrhea c. positive coccus; typhoid fever d. negative rod; cholera

Last Answer : b. negative rod; traveler‘s diarrhea

The majority of bacterial species that cause foodborne and waterborne illnesses in humans are _____. a. Gram-Negative Rods b. Gram-Negative Cocci c. Gram-Positive Rods d. Rods Without A Wall

Description : The majority of bacterial species that cause foodborne and waterborne illnesses in humans are _____. a. Gram-Negative Rods b. Gram-Negative Cocci c. Gram-Positive Rods d. Rods Without A Wall

Last Answer : a. Gram-Negative Rods

Escherichia coli is a common gram that can be a cause of a. positive rod; hemorrhagic colitis b. negative rod; traveler‘s diarrhea c. positive coccus; typhoid fever d. negative rod; cholera

Description : Escherichia coli is a common gram that can be a cause of a. positive rod; hemorrhagic colitis b. negative rod; traveler‘s diarrhea c. positive coccus; typhoid fever d. negative rod; cholera

Last Answer : b. negative rod; traveler‘s diarrhea

Conjugation pili are found only on some ______ bacteria, though it may occur between cells of various bacteria. a. Gram-positive b. Gram-negative c. Acid-fast d. Capsule containing

Description : Conjugation pili are found only on some ______ bacteria, though it may occur between cells of various bacteria. a. Gram-positive b. Gram-negative c. Acid-fast d. Capsule containing

Last Answer : b. Gram-negative

.Which is most likely to be exposed on the surface of a gram-negative bacterium? A.Pore protein (porin) B.Protein involved in energy generation C.Lipoteichoic acid D.Phospholipids

Description : .Which is most likely to be exposed on the surface of a gram-negative bacterium? A.Pore protein (porin) B.Protein involved in energy generation C.Lipoteichoic acid D.Phospholipids

Last Answer : A.Pore protein (porin)

Which of the following gram-negative bacteria is/are not aerobic? A.Pseudomonas B.Neisseria C.Escherichia D.None of these

Description : Which of the following gram-negative bacteria is/are not aerobic? A.Pseudomonas B.Neisseria C.Escherichia D.None of these

Last Answer : C.Escherichia

The cell wall of A.gram-positive bacteria are thicker than gram-negative bacteria B.gram-negative bacteria are thicker than gram-positive bacteria C.both have same thickness but composition is different D.none of these

Description : The cell wall of A.gram-positive bacteria are thicker than gram-negative bacteria B.gram-negative bacteria are thicker than gram-positive bacteria C.both have same thickness but composition is different D.none of these

Last Answer : A.gram-positive bacteria are thicker than gram-negative bacteria

Which of the following gram-negative bacteria is/are not aerobic? A.Pseudomonas B.Neisseria C.Escherichia D.None of these

Description : Which of the following gram-negative bacteria is/are not aerobic? A.Pseudomonas B.Neisseria C.Escherichia D.None of these

Last Answer : C.Escherichia

Which of the following is true about cell wall of gram-positive bacteria? A- It consists of multiple layers B- It is thicker than that associated with gram-negative bacteria C- It contains teichoic acids D- D.All of these

Description : Which of the following is true about cell wall of gram-positive bacteria? A- It consists of multiple layers B- It is thicker than that associated with gram-negative bacteria C- It contains teichoic acids D- D.All of these

Last Answer : D.All of these

Which of the following is exposed on the outer surface of a gram-negative bacterium?A- O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) B- Polysaccharide portion of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) C- Braun lipoprotein D- .Electron transport system components

Description : Which of the following is exposed on the outer surface of a gram-negative bacterium?A- O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) B- Polysaccharide portion of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) C- Braun lipoprotein D- .Electron transport system components

Last Answer : O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Porins are located in A- the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria B- he peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive bacteria C- the cytoplasmic membrane of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria D- the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria

Description : Porins are located in A- the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria B- he peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive bacteria C- the cytoplasmic membrane of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria D- the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria

Last Answer : the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

Teichoic acids are typically found in A- cell walls of gram positive bacteria B- outer membranes of gram positive bacteria C- cell walls of gram negative bacteria D- outer membranes of gram negative bacteria

Description : Teichoic acids are typically found in A- cell walls of gram positive bacteria B- outer membranes of gram positive bacteria C- cell walls of gram negative bacteria D- outer membranes of gram negative bacteria

Last Answer : cell walls of gram positive bacteria

Cyanobacteria have A-a gram-positive cell wall B- a gram-negative cell wall C- Neither (a) nor (b) D-No cell wall

Description : Cyanobacteria have A-a gram-positive cell wall B- a gram-negative cell wall C- Neither (a) nor (b) D-No cell wall

Last Answer : a gram-negative cell wall

Which is most likely to be exposed on the surface of a gram-negative bacterium? A- Pore protein (porin) B- Protein involved in energy generation C- .Lipoteichoic acid D- Phospholipids

Description : Which is most likely to be exposed on the surface of a gram-negative bacterium? A- Pore protein (porin) B- Protein involved in energy generation C- .Lipoteichoic acid D- Phospholipids

Last Answer : Pore protein (porin)

The cell wall of A- gram-positive bacteria are thicker than gram-negative bacteria B- gram-negative bacteria are thicker than gram-positive bacteria C- both have same thickness but composition is different D- none of these

Description : The cell wall of A- gram-positive bacteria are thicker than gram-negative bacteria B- gram-negative bacteria are thicker than gram-positive bacteria C- both have same thickness but composition is different D- none of these

Last Answer : gram-positive bacteria are thicker than gram-negative bacteria

Which of the following is true about cell wall of gram-positive bacteria? A-It consists of multiple layers B- It is thicker than that associated with gram-negative bacteria C- It contains teichoic acids D- All of these

Description : Which of the following is true about cell wall of gram-positive bacteria? A-It consists of multiple layers B- It is thicker than that associated with gram-negative bacteria C- It contains teichoic acids D- All of these

Last Answer : All of these

Which of the following may contain fimbriae? A- Gram-positive bacteria B- .Gram-negative bacteria C- Both (a) and (b) D- None of these

Description : Which of the following may contain fimbriae? A- Gram-positive bacteria B- .Gram-negative bacteria C- Both (a) and (b) D- None of these

Last Answer : C. A and b

Gram-negative bacteria would stain_________ with the Gram stain and have _______in the wall. a. orange-red; Teichoic acid b. orange-red; lipopolysaccharide c. purple; peptidoglycan d. purple; Teichoic acid

Description : Gram-negative bacteria would stain_________ with the Gram stain and have _______in the wall. a. orange-red; Teichoic acid b. orange-red; lipopolysaccharide c. purple; peptidoglycan d. purple; Teichoic acid

Last Answer : c. purple; peptidoglycan

_____ is an example of a differential stain technique. a. Simple staining b. Negative staining c. Contrast staining d. Gram staining

Description : _____ is an example of a differential stain technique. a. Simple staining b. Negative staining c. Contrast staining d. Gram staining

Last Answer : d. Gram staining

Subgingival plaque changes from, A. gram positive to gram negative B. gram negative to gram positive

Description : Subgingival plaque changes from, A. gram positive to gram negative B. gram negative to gram positive

Last Answer : A. gram positive to gram negative

The first forming microbial elements of plaque are: A. Aerobic gram positive G+ B. Aerobic gram negative G C. Anaerobic gram negative G D. Spirochetes E. Anaerobic gram positive G+

Description : The first forming microbial elements of plaque are: A. Aerobic gram positive G+ B. Aerobic gram negative G C. Anaerobic gram negative G D. Spirochetes E. Anaerobic gram positive G+

Last Answer : A. Aerobic gram positive G+