The city life of Calcutta was full of contrasts, according to Durgacharan Ray. (i) In the 19th century, Calcutta was brimming with opportunities — for trade, commerce and jobs. (ii) But on the hand, its appalling poverty and the poor quality of housing. (iii) There was confusion of caste, religious and gender identities in the city. (iv) All social distinctions that appeared to be natural and normal seemed to be breaking down. (v) The contrasting images were of wealth and poverty, splendour and dirt, opportunities and disappointments.