(i) To develop Cities natural features were flattened out or transformed in response to the growing demand for space tor factories, housing and other institutions. (ii) Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive noise became a feature of urban life. (iii) The widespread use of coal in homes and industries in nineteenth century England raised serious problems. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, hundreds of factory chimneys spewed black smoke into the skies. (iv) Shopkeepers, home owners and others complained about the black fog that descended on their towns, causing bad tampers, smoke-related illnesses, and dirty clothes. (v) The vast mass of one room houses occupied by the poor wore a serious threat to public health.