Recent questions tagged pharmaceutics-ll

Description : Define ‘Shampoo’, and discuss the formulation of it.

Last Answer : Shampoos are used as a preparation containing surface active agents which are used to remove dirt ,grease from the hair without affecting natural gloss of the hair and help to keep hair fragrant , ... - used to preserve the shampoo against bacteria or mould. e.g. Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben

Description : Point out incompatibility (if any) and describe suitable method for its dispense.

Last Answer : Rx Quinine sulphate 1.5 gm Dilute sulphuric acid ..4ml Potassium iodide .8gm Water upto 200 ml Prepare mixture, send 100 ml Dil. sulphuric acid is added to dissolve ... and in another bottle potassium iodide and water. Instruct the patient to mix them before the dose actually taken.

Description : What is Dusting powder, Give classification of it mention the formulation ingredients of it.

Last Answer : Dusting powders are the powders meant for external application to the skin and are generally applied in a fine state of sub division to avoid local irritation. The dusting powders are used for antiseptic ... mixing of two or more ingredients; such as starch, talc, kaolin as they are chemically inert

Description : Define parenteral. Give essential qualities of parenteral products .give the steps involved in manufacturing of parenteral products.

Last Answer : Definition of parenteral products Parenteral products are considered to be the sterile solutions, suspension or emulsions that are administrated by hypodermic injection either in the form in which ... containers.  Sterilisation.  Evaluation of parenteral preparations.  Labelling and packaging.

Description : Define (i)Nasal drops

Last Answer : Nasal drops are aqueous solutions for instilling into nose with dropper torelieve congestion ,inflammation & to combat infection (ii)Inhalation: These are liquid preparation consisting of volatile substances and ... with a dropper for cleaning of ear, softening of wax and for treating mild infection

Description : List different test for identification of an emulsion & explain any one.

Last Answer : List different test for identification: 1) Dilution Test - 2) Dye Test- 3) Conductivity Test- 4)Fluorescence Test: 5)Cobalt Chloride Test: Explanation of any one. 1) Dilution Test -  Emulsion ... an emulsion and dried, it turns from blue to pink, indicating that the emulsion is o/w type.

Description : Define 'Pyrogen'. Name the different methods of Pyrogen testing. Describe Rabbits method.

Last Answer : Definition: Pyrogens are by-product of bacterial metabolism, pyrogens are polysaccharides, thermostable, soluble in water, unaffected by bactericide and can pass through bacterial proof filters Different methods of Pyrogen ... 0.6 °C or and sum of group maximum temp rises doesn't exceed 3.7°c.

Description : What is the principle behind sterility testing? Describe Membrane filtration method for sterility testing.

Last Answer : Principle: Basic principle of sterility test is that if bacteria or fungi are placed in a medium which provides the nutritive material and water and kept at favourable temperature the organism will grow and their presence can be indicated by the turbidity in the clear medium.

Description : Calculate the displacement value of zinc oxide from following data

Last Answer : i) Capacity of mould = 15 grain ii) Wt. of 6 unmedicated suppositories = 90 grain iii) Wt. of six suppositories containing 40% zinc oxide = 132 grain. Note: student may use grain value as 65 mg and ... Medicament Amount of base without drug - actual amount base 3.4212 / 0.7002 = 4.886 = Approx.5

Description : What are 'Syrups'? Give different methods of preparation of syrup.

Last Answer : Syrup: Syrup is sweet, viscous, concentrated or nearly saturated aqueous solution of sucrose containing 66.7%w/w of sugar. Methods of preparation of syrup. 1. Simple solution method 2. By ... after the reaction is complete add sucrose and flavouring agent than adjust the volume with purified water.

Description : Define 'Gargles' & 'Mouth Wash'. What are the uses of douches? Discuss with example.

Last Answer : Gargle: Gargles are aqueous solutions to prevent & treat throat infections & are used to relieve soreness in mild throat infections. Mouthwash: Mouth washes are aqueous solutions with pleasant taste and odour used to ... lacticacid (0.5 to 2%),Chlorohexidine ( 0.002%) 3) Astringent e.g.alum(1%),

Description : Explain the formulation of parenteral preparation.

Last Answer : 1) Vehicles 2) Adjuvants  Solubilising agent  Stabilizers:  Buffering agents  Antibacterial agents:  Chelating agents:  Suspending,  Emulsifying and wetting agents:  Tonicity factors 1) ... other body fluids. The isotonicity of solution may be adjusted by adding Sodium chloride, dextrose etc

Description : What is 'Cracking of emulsion'? Describe any four factors responsible for cracking of emulsion

Last Answer : 'Cracking of emulsion': Cracking means the separation of two layers of dispersed phase and continuous phase, due to the coalescence of dispersed phase globules which are difficult to redisperse by shaking ... emulsion. So it is necessary to take steps to retard creaming as far as possible.

Description : Define mixture. Describe method of dispensing mixture containing diffusible solids.

Last Answer : Definition: Mixture is a liquid dosage form containing medicament or medicaments are dissolved, disperse and suspended in the given vehicle. Method of dispensing:  Finely powder the drug in a mortar. Add ... cork, label and dispense.  Apply the secondary label Shake the bottle well before use .

Description : Define 'Incompatibility’. What is adjusted type of Incompatibility, explain with example.

Last Answer : Definition: Incompatibility occurs as a result of two or more antagonistic substances & an undesirable product is formed which may affect the safety, efficacy & appearance of the pharmaceutical preparation. ... citrate with half as much caffeine as that of caffeine citrate to form a clear mixture.

Description : Write a short note on formulation and method of preparation of 'Effervescent granules'.

Last Answer : Formulation :These are solid dosage form of medicament, meant for internal use.  These are composed of citric acid, tartaric acid & sodium bicarbonate.  In presence of water, acid reacts with alkali ... to break the lumps which may be formed during drying. iv) Then packed in air tight containers.

Description : What is indiffusible mixture; Give composition of compound tragacanth powder, mention the example of indiffusible mixture.

Last Answer : Indiffusible mixture are those mixture which contain indiffusible solids, solids are not soluble in water they do not remain suspended for long time after shaking therefore to maintain their stability suspending agent are added, the ... .25 gm Simple syrup 15 ml Water .upto .90 ml

Description : Explain LAL test

Last Answer : LAL test is used for the detection and quantification of bacterial endotoxins: Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) is an aqueous extract of blood cells (amoebocytes) from the horseshoe crab, ... endotoxins, pH, temperature and presence of clotting enzyme system and clottable proteins from lysate.

Description : Define dentifrices and explain formulation of it

Last Answer : Dentifrices are the preparations meant to be applied to the teeth with a help of tooth brush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surface of the teeth Abrasive agents:  The abrasive agents such as ... are added to improve the taste of the formulation.  Ex. Peppermint oil, cinnamon oil, etc.

Description : Define the term prescription and list various errors seen in dispensing prescription

Last Answer : Prescription: Prescription is a written order given by registered medical practitioner, any other licensed person, veterinarians or dentist to pharmacist to dispense proper medication to patient. Common ... may cause synergism or antagonism. iii. Ex. Acetylcholine and Atropine produce antagonism.

Description : Explain the term ‘Aseptic technique’

Last Answer : Definition: The method which is used to prevent the access of microorganism during the preparation of parenteral product and their testing are called Aseptic Technique  The entry of the ... supplied under positive pressure  Ultra violet lamps are fitted in the area to maintain sterility

Description : Write four advantages of suppositories

Last Answer : Advantages of suppositories  These can be easily administered to children, old persons & to unconscious patients.  These are inserted into body cavity to produce local effect of the medicament ... slowly absorbed giving sustained action.  They are also been used for prolongation of drug action

Description : What is physical incompatibility? Give one example

Last Answer : When two or more than two substances are combined together, a physical change takes place and an unacceptable product is formed. Physical incompatibility is usually due to immiscibility, insolubility, ... Light magnesium carbonate ---- 60g. Send five powders The combination forms eutectic mixture.

Description : What are the precautions taken during storage of eye drops

Last Answer : Following precautions taken during storage of eye drops: i. If the dropper is separate, always hold it with its tip down. ii. Never touch the surface of dropper iii. Never rinse the dropper iv. Never ... color v. When the dropper is at the top of the bottle, avoid contaminating the cap when removed

Description : Why white paraffin is used in eye ointment

Last Answer : White soft paraffin is prepared by bleaching yellow soft paraffin. Some of the bleaching agent may remain sticking to the base even after careful washing. Which when used in the eye may lead to irritation.