Write a short note on formulation and method of preparation of 'Effervescent
granules'.

1 Answer

Answer :

Formulation :These are solid dosage form of medicament, meant for internal use.
 These are composed of citric acid, tartaric acid & sodium bicarbonate.
 In presence of water, acid reacts with alkali to release carbon dioxide.
 Carbon dioxide helps to mask the bitter and saline taste of the drugs
 Carbon dioxide stimulates the flow of gastric juices and therefore helps in
absorption of drugs
 Sometimes saccharin or sucrose may be added as sweetening agent
 Colour can be imparted to enhance the appearance
Preparation:
Method of preparation:
1) Heat method:
A large porcelain dish is placed on a water bath, with as much of the dish as possible
exposed to the water or steam. The dish must be hot to ensure rapid liberation of water of
crystallization from citric acid. If heating of the dish is delayed, the powder which is
added to it, will heat up slowly and the liberated water of crystallisation will go on
evaporating simultaneously. As a result sufficient water will not be available to make
coherent mass.
3) Generally heating takes 1 to 5 minutes. The damp mass is then passed through sieve
dried in an oven temperature not exceeding 600C.
2) Wet method:
i) The mixed ingredients are moistened with non-aqueous vehicle( e.g. alcohol, propylene
glycol) to prepare a coherent mass.
ii) It is then passed through a sieve no.8 & dried in an oven at temperature not exceeding
600C.
iii)The dried granules then passed through the sieve to break the lumps which may be
formed during drying.
iv) Then packed in air tight containers.

Related questions

Description : Explain the formulation of parenteral preparation.

Last Answer : 1) Vehicles 2) Adjuvants  Solubilising agent  Stabilizers:  Buffering agents  Antibacterial agents:  Chelating agents:  Suspending,  Emulsifying and wetting agents:  Tonicity factors 1) ... other body fluids. The isotonicity of solution may be adjusted by adding Sodium chloride, dextrose etc

Description : Define ‘Shampoo’, and discuss the formulation of it.

Last Answer : Shampoos are used as a preparation containing surface active agents which are used to remove dirt ,grease from the hair without affecting natural gloss of the hair and help to keep hair fragrant , ... - used to preserve the shampoo against bacteria or mould. e.g. Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben

Description : What is Dusting powder, Give classification of it mention the formulation ingredients of it.

Last Answer : Dusting powders are the powders meant for external application to the skin and are generally applied in a fine state of sub division to avoid local irritation. The dusting powders are used for antiseptic ... mixing of two or more ingredients; such as starch, talc, kaolin as they are chemically inert

Description : Define dentifrices and explain formulation of it

Last Answer : Dentifrices are the preparations meant to be applied to the teeth with a help of tooth brush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surface of the teeth Abrasive agents:  The abrasive agents such as ... are added to improve the taste of the formulation.  Ex. Peppermint oil, cinnamon oil, etc.

Description : What are 'Syrups'? Give different methods of preparation of syrup.

Last Answer : Syrup: Syrup is sweet, viscous, concentrated or nearly saturated aqueous solution of sucrose containing 66.7%w/w of sugar. Methods of preparation of syrup. 1. Simple solution method 2. By ... after the reaction is complete add sucrose and flavouring agent than adjust the volume with purified water.

Description : Point out incompatibility (if any) and describe suitable method for its dispense.

Last Answer : Rx Quinine sulphate 1.5 gm Dilute sulphuric acid ..4ml Potassium iodide .8gm Water upto 200 ml Prepare mixture, send 100 ml Dil. sulphuric acid is added to dissolve ... and in another bottle potassium iodide and water. Instruct the patient to mix them before the dose actually taken.

Description : Define 'Pyrogen'. Name the different methods of Pyrogen testing. Describe Rabbits method.

Last Answer : Definition: Pyrogens are by-product of bacterial metabolism, pyrogens are polysaccharides, thermostable, soluble in water, unaffected by bactericide and can pass through bacterial proof filters Different methods of Pyrogen ... 0.6 °C or and sum of group maximum temp rises doesn't exceed 3.7°c.

Description : What is the principle behind sterility testing? Describe Membrane filtration method for sterility testing.

Last Answer : Principle: Basic principle of sterility test is that if bacteria or fungi are placed in a medium which provides the nutritive material and water and kept at favourable temperature the organism will grow and their presence can be indicated by the turbidity in the clear medium.

Description : Define mixture. Describe method of dispensing mixture containing diffusible solids.

Last Answer : Definition: Mixture is a liquid dosage form containing medicament or medicaments are dissolved, disperse and suspended in the given vehicle. Method of dispensing:  Finely powder the drug in a mortar. Add ... cork, label and dispense.  Apply the secondary label Shake the bottle well before use .

Description : Write four advantages of suppositories

Last Answer : Advantages of suppositories  These can be easily administered to children, old persons & to unconscious patients.  These are inserted into body cavity to produce local effect of the medicament ... slowly absorbed giving sustained action.  They are also been used for prolongation of drug action

Description : Define parenteral. Give essential qualities of parenteral products .give the steps involved in manufacturing of parenteral products.

Last Answer : Definition of parenteral products Parenteral products are considered to be the sterile solutions, suspension or emulsions that are administrated by hypodermic injection either in the form in which ... containers.  Sterilisation.  Evaluation of parenteral preparations.  Labelling and packaging.

Description : Define (i)Nasal drops

Last Answer : Nasal drops are aqueous solutions for instilling into nose with dropper torelieve congestion ,inflammation & to combat infection (ii)Inhalation: These are liquid preparation consisting of volatile substances and ... with a dropper for cleaning of ear, softening of wax and for treating mild infection

Description : List different test for identification of an emulsion & explain any one.

Last Answer : List different test for identification: 1) Dilution Test - 2) Dye Test- 3) Conductivity Test- 4)Fluorescence Test: 5)Cobalt Chloride Test: Explanation of any one. 1) Dilution Test -  Emulsion ... an emulsion and dried, it turns from blue to pink, indicating that the emulsion is o/w type.

Description : Calculate the displacement value of zinc oxide from following data

Last Answer : i) Capacity of mould = 15 grain ii) Wt. of 6 unmedicated suppositories = 90 grain iii) Wt. of six suppositories containing 40% zinc oxide = 132 grain. Note: student may use grain value as 65 mg and ... Medicament Amount of base without drug - actual amount base 3.4212 / 0.7002 = 4.886 = Approx.5

Description : Define 'Gargles' & 'Mouth Wash'. What are the uses of douches? Discuss with example.

Last Answer : Gargle: Gargles are aqueous solutions to prevent & treat throat infections & are used to relieve soreness in mild throat infections. Mouthwash: Mouth washes are aqueous solutions with pleasant taste and odour used to ... lacticacid (0.5 to 2%),Chlorohexidine ( 0.002%) 3) Astringent e.g.alum(1%),

Description : What is 'Cracking of emulsion'? Describe any four factors responsible for cracking of emulsion

Last Answer : 'Cracking of emulsion': Cracking means the separation of two layers of dispersed phase and continuous phase, due to the coalescence of dispersed phase globules which are difficult to redisperse by shaking ... emulsion. So it is necessary to take steps to retard creaming as far as possible.

Description : Define 'Incompatibility’. What is adjusted type of Incompatibility, explain with example.

Last Answer : Definition: Incompatibility occurs as a result of two or more antagonistic substances & an undesirable product is formed which may affect the safety, efficacy & appearance of the pharmaceutical preparation. ... citrate with half as much caffeine as that of caffeine citrate to form a clear mixture.

Description : What is indiffusible mixture; Give composition of compound tragacanth powder, mention the example of indiffusible mixture.

Last Answer : Indiffusible mixture are those mixture which contain indiffusible solids, solids are not soluble in water they do not remain suspended for long time after shaking therefore to maintain their stability suspending agent are added, the ... .25 gm Simple syrup 15 ml Water .upto .90 ml

Description : Explain LAL test

Last Answer : LAL test is used for the detection and quantification of bacterial endotoxins: Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) is an aqueous extract of blood cells (amoebocytes) from the horseshoe crab, ... endotoxins, pH, temperature and presence of clotting enzyme system and clottable proteins from lysate.

Description : Define the term prescription and list various errors seen in dispensing prescription

Last Answer : Prescription: Prescription is a written order given by registered medical practitioner, any other licensed person, veterinarians or dentist to pharmacist to dispense proper medication to patient. Common ... may cause synergism or antagonism. iii. Ex. Acetylcholine and Atropine produce antagonism.

Description : Explain the term ‘Aseptic technique’

Last Answer : Definition: The method which is used to prevent the access of microorganism during the preparation of parenteral product and their testing are called Aseptic Technique  The entry of the ... supplied under positive pressure  Ultra violet lamps are fitted in the area to maintain sterility

Description : What is physical incompatibility? Give one example

Last Answer : When two or more than two substances are combined together, a physical change takes place and an unacceptable product is formed. Physical incompatibility is usually due to immiscibility, insolubility, ... Light magnesium carbonate ---- 60g. Send five powders The combination forms eutectic mixture.

Description : What are the precautions taken during storage of eye drops

Last Answer : Following precautions taken during storage of eye drops: i. If the dropper is separate, always hold it with its tip down. ii. Never touch the surface of dropper iii. Never rinse the dropper iv. Never ... color v. When the dropper is at the top of the bottle, avoid contaminating the cap when removed

Description : Why white paraffin is used in eye ointment

Last Answer : White soft paraffin is prepared by bleaching yellow soft paraffin. Some of the bleaching agent may remain sticking to the base even after careful washing. Which when used in the eye may lead to irritation.

Description : Write short note on i. Metafilter. ii. Additives used in tablet formulation.

Last Answer : Metafilter: Construction: It consists of grooved, drainage rod on which a number of metallic ring are packed. The rings are usually of stainless steel and have 0.8 mm outer thickness, 15 mm ... sticking e.g. Mg stearate, steraric acid etc. 8. Colors, flavors and sweetening agents: 

Description : Developing a vision and mission, identifying an organization's external opportunities and threats, and determining internal strengths and weaknesses are all __________ activities. a. strategy-formulation b. strategy-implementation c. long-range planning d. short-range planning

Last Answer : strategy-formulation

Description : Developing a Vision and Mission, identifying an Organization’s external opportunities & threats and determining internal strengths & weaknesses are all -------------- activities : A. Strategy Formulation B. Strategy Implementation C. Long-range Planning D. Short-range Planning

Last Answer : Strategy Formulation

Description : Formulation of hypothesis may NOT be required in: (A) Survey method (B) Historical studies (C) Experimental studies (D) Normative studies

Last Answer : (B) Historical studies

Description : Many experienced teachers go into a classroom and embark straight away upon a lesson. As a beginner to the teaching profession will you Options: A) adopt the same procedure B) make a written note of your preparation C) as the students alike D) None of these

Last Answer : B) make a written note of your preparation 

Description : Write correct sequence of four steps of method for the preparation of temporary mount of a stained leaf peel. -Biology

Last Answer : Take a healthy leaf from the potted plant.Remove a part of the peel from the lower surface of the leaf. You can do this by folding the leaf over and gently pulling the peel apart ... and glycerin with the help of blotting paper. Observe the slide under magnifications of the compound microscope.

Description : Write one laboratory method of preparation of hydrogen gas.

Last Answer : Ans-Generally prepared by the reaction of granulated zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid as under Zn(s)+2HCl ---ZnCl2 +H2 (g)

Description : Write down any two purposes of alloy steel. Explain any one method of preparation of alloy. 

Last Answer : Purpose of alloy steel  1. To improve corrosion resistance 2. To enhance wear resistance 3. To improve toughness 4. To enhance tensile strength 5. To improve grain size Method of preparation ... and then they are mixed together by application of heat and pressure to obtain the final product. 

Description : What are different types of vaccines? Write method of preparation of small pox vaccine.

Last Answer : There are 4 main types of vaccines: Live-attenuated vaccines Inactivated vaccines Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines Toxoid vaccines Small pox vaccine ... to produce homogenized suspension. ↓ Transfer to suitable sterile container and freeze dried

Description : What granules are suitable for the Romanian Miorito Shepherd? He is a four-month-old puppy.

Last Answer : A few years ago Acana, today only Fitmin. Comparable quality at an incomparable price. Of course, if you don't want to subsidize the Chinese economy with British products.

Description : Hello, I have two months of Timberwolf granules, the dog did not eat it at all. They smelled weird when I opened them. What about them? Can I give them to the hens?

Last Answer : Granules that the dog didn't want or fresh, I would never force him to do. He knows why he doesn't want to. If there is no rancid fat in them, give them to the chickens. They are full of grain anyway. :-)

Last Answer : you can do everything, the question is what the dog and the animal protectors ... eating and not understanding why he can't meat; we taught him granules from the beginning and it's like candy for him ... to have it too and he likes carrots and raw potatoes, of course from that unsweetened diet ...

Description : Granules which strain by basic dye found in which cell `:-`

Last Answer : Granules which strain by basic dye found in which cell `:-` A. Moncyte B. Plasma cell C. Reticular cell D. Mast cell

Description : Which of the following abnoromalities will include the secretion of abnormal granules-pannus ?

Last Answer : Which of the following abnoromalities will include the secretion of abnormal granules-pannus ? A. ... B. Rheumatoid arthritis C. Gout D. Osteoporosis

Description : MSH causes (A) Dispersal of melanin granules in melanocytes (B) Increase in melanin concentration in melanocytes (C) Decerease in melanin concentration in melanocytes (D) Increase in number of melanocytes

Last Answer : Answer : B

Description : Eicosanoids mediate inflammation in a variety of ways. Of the following statements, which are true with regard to this? a. Eicosanoids are stored in cytoplasmic granules ... include vasodilatation, vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability and both chemotaxis and chemoattractant inhibition

Last Answer : Answer: b, d The eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid (eicosatetraenoic acid) and consist of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and lipoxins. The eicosanoids are not ... nervous system d. Mononuclear phagocytes release a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors

Description : A mast cell (or mastocyte) is a resident cells of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in_______. a) Acetylcholine b) Nicotine c) Epinephrine d) Histamine e) Histadine

Last Answer : Ans: D

Description : To get a fine talc powder from its granules, the equipment used is (A) Roller crusher (B) Ball mill (C) Jaw crusher (D) Gyratory crusher

Last Answer : (B) Ball mill

Description : What happens when concentrated hydrochloric acid is poured into a test tube containing zinc granules?

Last Answer : Zinc reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid vigorously forming and the chemicals spill out of the test tube.

Description : Upon activation, macrophages release all of the following from granules EXCEPT C A. Collagenase B. Elastase C. Cathepsins D. None of these

Last Answer : Cathepsins

Description : Secretory granules are prominent in all of the following EXCEPT: C A. Eosinophils B. Pancreatic islet cells C. Lymphocytes D. None of these

Last Answer : Lymphocytes

Description : Proteins that are secreted by cells are generally a. not synthesized on membrane-bound ribosomes b. initially synthesized with a signal peptide or leader sequence at their C terminal c. found in ... endocytosis e. secreted in a form that is larger than the form present in the endoplasmic reticulum

Last Answer : found in vesicles and secretory granules

Description : Zinc granules on treating with an acid X, form the zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) salt along with the evolution of a gas Y which burns with a pop sound when brought near to a burning candle. Identify the acid X and ... (c). X- Sulphuric acid and Y- Hydrogen gas (d). X- Hydrochloric acid and Y- Hydrogen gas

Last Answer : (c). X- Sulphuric acid and Y- Hydrogen gas

Description : The displacement reaction between iron (III) oxide and a metal X is used for welding the rail tracks. Here X is: (a) Copper granules (b) Magnesium ribbon (c) Sodium pellets (d) Aluminum dust

Last Answer : (d) Aluminum dust

Description : The Nissl’s granules of nerves cell are made up of (a) DNA (b) RNA (c) ribosome (d) protein.

Last Answer : (c) ribosome

Description : What used to be described as Nissl’s granules in a nerve cell are now identified as (a) cell metabolites (b) fat granules (c) ribosomes (d) mitochondria.

Last Answer : (c) ribosomes